Abstract
The change to Industry 4.0 is primarily aimed at connecting automated production devices and plants. However, many small and medium-sized enterprises are still in the preliminary stage of this networking, as they first must automate their production facilities. Various models that are able to calculate the costs of machines to be purchased can be found in the literature. However, most of these models are presented in a rather simplified way for better comprehensibility or so complicated and detailed that they can only be applied with in-depth knowledge. By illustrating three cases from German companies, this study seeks to give a practicable overview of cost types that small and medium-sized enterprises should consider by integrating experiences in automation projects made by these companies.
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