Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is still one of the most perilous malignant tumors with a very poor prognosis. Despite the progress in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer, the overall 5-year survival rate after diagnosis is less than 10%. The pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer has not been fully clarified, but multiple factors are involved. The poor efficacy of traditional therapies for pancreatic cancer is mainly related to complex tumor microenvironment. In recent years, accumulating studies have demonstrated the role of autophagy and apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic cancer. In particular, unfolded protein response is activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress and plays an important role in the modulation of complex pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Here we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the role of unfolded protein response activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer, and highlight the potential of the cascade of unfolded protein response as therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
Highlights
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of lamellar lumen and tubular lumen composed of membranes in the cytoplasm, which are interconnected to form a pipeline system isolated from the cell matrix
Recent studies have shown that the complex dynamic structure of ER is largely driven by the process that ER need rearrange its position along the cytoskeleton in order to keep close contact with other organelles, and the force to form and maintain the dynamic structure of ER is regulated by a variety of proteins such as cytoskeleton proteins, endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane proteins [5]
When cells are subjected to certain stimuli such as hypoxia, starvation, infection and environmental changes, unfolded polypeptide chains or misfolded proteins accumulate in ER, and this phenomenon is known as ER stress [7]
Summary
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of lamellar lumen and tubular lumen composed of membranes in the cytoplasm, which are interconnected to form a pipeline system isolated from the cell matrix. As the largest organelle in the cells, ER can be divided into rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). SER in hepatocytes contains enzymes that remove fat-soluble wastes and harmful substances produced by metabolism [4]. Recent studies have shown that the complex dynamic structure of ER is largely driven by the process that ER need rearrange its position along the cytoskeleton in order to keep close contact with other organelles, and the force to form and maintain the dynamic structure of ER is regulated by a variety of proteins such as cytoskeleton proteins, endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane proteins [5]
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