Unexpectedly high prevalence of structural genomic variations in the Long QT Syndrome: evidence for broader clinical uptake

Abstract

Abstract Background Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited channelopathy predisposing young and otherwise healthy individuals to ventricular arrhythmias causing syncope or sudden cardiac death. Point mutations in the KCNQ1, KCNH2, and SCN5A genes are the most common causes of LQTS, and up to 75% of patients can be genotyped by standard DNA sequencing. However, standard genetic testing fails to detect structural genomic rearrangements - including large deletions or duplications of DNA segments - known as copy number variants (CNVs). While previous studies suggested that CNVs account for less than 5% of genotype-negative cases(1-2), no recent data have been reported. Purpose The study aimed to determine the prevalence and spectrum of CNVs in LQTS susceptibility genes in unrelated patients who tested negative for point mutations in a panel of 16 genes associated with LQTS. Methods Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to screen CNVs in unrelated, clinically diagnosed LQTS patients without point mutations in 16 genes associated with LQTS. Loss of heterozygosity in LQTS-associated genes was used to assess the presence of CNVs using standard commercial software. The multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay was used to confirm the CNVs identified by NGS. Results The cohort included 48 patients (63% women; mean age 31±19 years, range 3 years to 68 years) with definitive clinical diagnosis of LQTS (mean QTc 490±33 ms) according to the 2022 ESC guidelines(3). Overall, 7/48 patients (15%, 95% CI 6-28%) had CNVs. Six of the seven CNVs involved KCNQ1 in the heterozygous state, including three large deletions (exons 3-6, exons 12-15, and exon 16) and three duplications (exon 2, exons 3-6, and exons 3-15), whereas the remaining patient had a complete KCNH2 deletion. MLPA confirmed all CNVs identified by NGS. Of note, no CNVs were identified in LQTS-related genes whose pathogenicity has been questioned. Conclusions Our study highlights the unexpectedly high prevalence of structural genomic rearrangements in the KCNQ1 and KCNH2 genes in LQTS patients. Routine screening for copy number variants in LQTS patients is critical for accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and personalized treatment strategies.Figure 1