Abstract
Vanadium dioxide (VO2) was directly synthesized via the reduction of V2O5 with oxalic acid adopting two different types of hydrothermal processes in the temperature ranging from 180 to 260 °C. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In all these processes, the VO2(B) phase was first formed at a relative lower temperature or the initial stage at higher temperature and then it transformed to the VO2(R) phase with the increase of temperature. The building-block-stacking mechanism was proposed to elucidate the transformation from VO2(B) nano-plates to snowflake-like VO2(R) powders. During this transformation, no trace of the VO2(A) phase was observed when one-step hydrothermal treatment method was used, whereas some part of the branches of the snowflake-like VO2(R) particles transformed to metastable VO2(A) nanofibers in the autoclave during cooling process when the two-step hydrothermal treatment method was conducted. The reason for this transformation can be contributed to the defects formed during the stacking process.
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