Unexpected, periodic and permanent increase in medical inpatient care: Man-made or new disease?

Abstract

For many years medical admissions to acute hospitals have been increasing at a rate far higher than expected from demographic change. Factors such as emergency re-admission, GP thresholds, breakdown of the family unit and deficiencies in community and social care have been suggested to explain this widening gap. Solutions to the problem have revolved around demand management strategies. While such strategies do result in a relative reduction in demand they are unable to prevent the underlying long-term behaviour. Analysis of daily admissions in Scotland, England and at individual hospitals over the past 25 years shows that the admissions tend to increase in a step-like manner at an interval of three to six years. This causes a typical 10% step-increase in physician work-load and inpatient medical costs and across England adds over 1,200,000 occupied bed days of additional bed demand into the health service within the space of around three months. There are knock-on effects to demand for ambulance services, accident and emergency attendance and GP referral. The step-increase is characterised by a cluster of diagnoses, increases with age and effects women more than men. Such behaviour has similarities to an infectious outbreak and the evidence for this and alternative hypotheses are discussed.