Undiagnosed hypertension in a rural community in Sudan and association with some features of the metabolic syndrome: how serious is the situation?

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is the leading risk factor for death and disability globally. Its prevalence is increasing worldwide especially in low and middle income countries. It is considered a silent killer because it has no specific symptoms and thus can go unnoticed for many years, only presenting for the first time with serious complications. The situation of undiagnosed hypertension in Sudan has not been fully investigated before. Objective: To determine the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension in the rural communities of River Nile State (RNS), Sudan and to assess the associated risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study, in which 1099 volunteer adult participants from the rural communities in RNS, not known to be hypertensive, were included. Blood pressure was measured as well as anthropometric measurements. The WHO stepwise approach for non-communicable diseases surveillance was used for data collection. A p value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were 461 males (41.9%) and 683 females (58.1%). The male to female ratio was 1:1.4. The age range was 18–90 years, with a mean age of 39.6 (STD ± 15.9). The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 38.2%, with a prevalence of 36.7% among males and 39.3% among females. There were significant associations between undiagnosed hypertension and increasing age, obesity, illiteracy and diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study uncovers a hidden epidemic of a silent killer in the rural communities of RNS. Urgent interventions are required to address this serious health epidemic.