Abstract
Due to the limited battery energy of underwater wireless sensor nodes and the difficulty in replacing or recharging the battery underwater, it is of great significance to improve the energy efficiency of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). We propose a novel energy-efficient clustering routing protocol based on data fusion and genetic algorithms (GAs) for UWSNs. In the clustering routing protocol, the cluster head node (CHN) gathers the data from cluster member nodes (CMNs), aggregates the data through an improved back propagation neural network (BPNN), and transmits the aggregated data to a sink node (SN) through a multi-hop scheme. The effective multi-hop transmission path between the CHN and the SN is determined through the enhanced GA, thereby improving transmission efficiency and reducing energy consumption. This paper presents the GA based on a specific encoding scheme, a particular crossover operation, and an enhanced mutation operation. Additionally, the BPNN employed for data fusion is improved by adopting an optimized momentum method, which can reduce energy consumption through the elimination of data redundancy and the decrease of the amount of transferred data. Moreover, we introduce an optimized CHN selecting scheme considering residual energy and positions of nodes. The experiments demonstrate that our proposed protocol outperforms its competitors in terms of the energy expenditure, the network lifespan, and the packet loss rate.
Highlights
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) consist of many underwater wireless sensor nodes distributed within the marine environment, which support a wide variety of applications such as surveillance, navigation, data acquisition, resource exploration, and disaster prevention [1,2,3]
Based on a new encoding scheme, which encodes routing paths as chromosomes and sensor nodes as genes, this paper presents a modified genetic algorithms (GAs) to search for optimal multi-hop routing paths for cluster head node (CHN) to transmit data packets to the sink node (SN)
Because the proposed underwater clustering routing protocol cannot be comparable to the data fusion technique or the GA, we just summarize the advantages of the data fusion technique and the GA, and present that they can reduce energy dissipation in UWSNs
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Sci. 2021, 11, 312 and maximizing the lifecycle of UWSNs. we present an energy-efficient clustering routing protocol on the basis of a modified GA and an improved BPNN for UWSNs, which could greatly enhance network performance. Based on a new encoding scheme, which encodes routing paths as chromosomes and sensor nodes as genes, this paper presents a modified GA to search for optimal multi-hop routing paths for CHNs to transmit data packets to the SN. This paper presents an improved BPNN by adopting an optimized momentum method, which is employed by CHNs to fuse data in order to reduce the energy consumption through the elimination of data redundancy and the decrease of the amount of data. This paper combines the clustering routing protocols, the GA, and the data fusion technique, which is an innovative application in UWSNs. Simulation results verified its effectiveness in improving network performance.
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