Abstract
In this paper we present a photogrammetry-based approach for deep-sea underwater surveys conducted from a submarine and guided by knowledge-representation combined with a logical approach (ontology). Two major issues are discussed in this paper. The first concerns deep-sea surveys using photogrammetry from a submarine. Here the goal was to obtain a set of images that completely covered the selected site. Subsequently and based on these images, a low-resolution 3D model is obtained in real-time, followed by a very high-resolution model produced back in the laboratory. The second issue involves the extraction of known artefacts present on the site. This aspect of the research is based on an a priori representation of the knowledge involved using systematic reasoning. Two parallel processes were developed to represent the photogrammetric process used for surveying as well as for identifying archaeological artefacts visible on the sea floor. Mapping involved the use of the CIDOC-CRM system (International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC)—Conceptual Reference Model)—This is a system that has been previously utilised to in the heritage sector and is largely available to the established scientific community. The proposed theoretical representation is based on procedural attachment; moreover, a strong link is maintained between the ontological description of the modelled concepts and the Java programming language which permitted 3D structure estimation and modelling based on a set of oriented images. A very recently discovered shipwreck acted as a testing ground for this project; the Xelendi Phoenician shipwreck, found off the Maltese coast, is probably the oldest known shipwreck in the western Mediterranean. The approach presented in this paper was developed in the scope of the GROPLAN project (Généralisation du Relevé, avec Ontologies et Photogrammétrie, pour l'Archéologie Navale et Sous-marine). Financed by the French National Research Agency (ANR) for four years, this project associates two French research laboratories, an industrial partner, the University of Malta, and Texas A & M University.
Highlights
At the convergence of computer science and the humanities, the Ontology and Photogrammetry; Generalizing Surveys in Underwater and Nautical Archaeology (GROPLAN) project, brings together researchers from academia and industry
Our central objective is to build an information system based on ontologies
The photogrammetric survey was based on an original approach to underwater photogrammetry with scientific assets provided by a partner in the GROPLAN project
Summary
At the convergence of computer science and the humanities, the Ontology and Photogrammetry; Generalizing Surveys in Underwater and Nautical Archaeology (GROPLAN) project, brings together researchers from academia and industry. Our second objective is the development of methods for collecting data from sites and the integration of such data into the information system during the acquisition phase In this paper these two aspects are addressed in the context of the exploration of an exceptional archaeological site—The Phoenician shipwreck off Gozo Xlendi. The photogrammetric survey was based on an original approach to underwater photogrammetry with scientific assets provided by a partner in the GROPLAN project. Our approach is based on procedural attachment with the ontology perceived as a combination of the Java class structure This manages the photogrammetric survey and the measurement of artefacts. We will be initiating a process to facilitate the generalisation of this approach to make it available in the field of nautical archaeology Such an aim will be achieved through several site-specific case studies. The vast geographic scope of the project, which includes France, Malta and Texas (USA) highlight GROPLAN’s diversity
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