Abstract
A spatial modulation (SM) scheme has been developed as a hopeful candidate for spectral and energy-efficient wireless communication systems, as it provides a great judgment for the system performance, data transmission rate, receiver complexity, and energy/spectrum efficiency. In SM, the data is conveyed by both habitual M-ary signal constellations and the transmit antennas indices. Therefore, the system data rate improvement due to the side information bits transmitted, encapsulated in indices of the transmit antennas, improves the SM transmission efficiency compared to the different MIMO players. The information bits transmitted over the antenna index and data symbol constellation using M-ary signal performance have different levels of bit error rate (BER) performance. This paper proposes unequal error protection (UEP) scheme for image transmission over the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) using SM. The Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) coders encode the underwater image and classify the encoded bits in two categories: critical and uncritical bits. The critical bits are transmitted over the SM index bits and have a low BER while the uncritical bits are transmitted over high order M-ary signal constellation to resolve the underwater acoustic channel bandwidth limitation problem. The proposed SM-UEP technique has been developed carefully with enough justification and evaluation over the measured underwater acoustic channel and the simulated channel. The simulation results show that the proposed SM-UEP can increase the average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the reconstructed received image considerably, and significantly.
Highlights
71% of the Earth’s surface is water-covered; this water is usually split between the oceans and small-scale seas, but the oceans have ~96.5% of Earth’s water
In line with unequal error protection (UEP) utilizing modulation systems, this paper proposes a new UEP scheme based on spatial modulation for image transmission over Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) to combine high compression Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) encoder technique with highly efficient transmission spatial modulation (SM) scheme
The simulation results are gotten for 106 symbols conveyed at each signal to noise ratio (SNR) for 106 iterations over the simulated channel and the measured underwater acoustic channel collected from sea experiment, ASCOT01 conducted off the coast of New England in June 2001 as reported in [25] and used in [26]
Summary
71% of the Earth’s surface is water-covered; this water is usually split between the oceans and small-scale seas, but the oceans have ~96.5% of Earth’s water. The generation of the underwater acoustic communication techniques should be focused on improving transmission data rate to support real-time underwater multimedia applications. Underwater multimedia applications can be improved via two research directions: First, by using high-compression encoder techniques, and the second direction is by using effective communication schemes that deal with underwater acoustic channel bandwidth limitations. In line with UEP utilizing modulation systems, this paper proposes a new UEP scheme based on spatial modulation for image transmission over IoUTs to combine high compression SPIHT encoder technique with highly efficient transmission spatial modulation (SM) scheme. Based on the M-SPIHT encoder classification, the UEP using the spatial modulation is proposed to improve the quality of the reconstructed image transmitted over the underwater acoustic channel. Notations: Column vectors (matrices) are denoted by boldface lower (upper) case letter; superscripts T, *, and H stand for transpose, conjugate, and conjugate transpose, respectively
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