Abstract
The affairs and concerns relating to the energy sector are versatile, spatially differentiated, and dynamic, due to the determining importance of energy in the everyday life of people, national economy, and wellbeing globally. Climate change with extreme and intense weather phenomena, combined with potential biological hazards, affect energy systems, posing a threat to energy systems' resilience and security. understand the interaction of the above factors affecting energy systems, it is necessary to understand the concepts of vulnerability and resilience. This study aims to review factors of vulnerability and resilience of renewable energy systems (RES). Climate change is a significant factor, considered critical for the resilience of renewable energy infrastructure. Conclusions include courses of action and measures that need to be taken, to build resilience. Suggestions are made, for a more sustainable and resilient renewable energy sector, compatible with contemporary technology and eco-friendly behaviors, mandated by climate change.
Highlights
The energy sector in each country is critical to the country’s economic development and prosperity
The ratio of net energy imports to total energy consumption in a country is used to quantify the extent of the country’s dependency. The degree of this dependency varies, according to the energy type, as well as geopolitics; it can be expressed by the Hirschmann-Herfindahl Index (HHI) that is the sum of the squared market shares held by the various suppliers, according to the equation (1): X
The efficacy of panels is reduced by 0.5% for every 1 °C increase in temperature Fires threaten infrastructure and the unhindered operation of all energy systems Soil erosion leads to landslides which threaten the installations of energy systems and their access to raw materials
Summary
The energy sector in each country is critical to the country’s economic development and prosperity. Earthquakes are defined as territorial movements caused by a disruption of the mechanical energy of rock from natural sources, converting their dynamic energy into kinetics It is the outcome of a long-term process of dynamic energy accumulation in stressed regions of the lithosphere. Earth’s population growth, globalization, and climate change have created global challenges and increased vulnerability of all systems to natural and technological disasters producing long-term psychological effects and insecurity to individuals [21]. The most recent major nuclear accident happened at Fukushima in Japan after a deadly tsunami [22] Another industrial hazard is the leakage of toxic substances into the atmosphere which can affect populations and nearby societies and cause deaths or poisoning, local contamination of crops, livestock, and water [23]. Radiological agents include all radiological substances and can create radiological hazards differentiated from the nuclear agents by their origin [30]
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