Abstract
The persistent open-vent activity of Mt. Etna volcano, in Sicily, is frequently punctuated by some of the most spectacular paroxysmal basaltic explosions in nature. Although magmatic gas is unquestionably the driver of these events, direct measurements of a paroxysm’s gas flux budget have remained challenging and limited in number, to date. A particularly violent paroxysmal sequence took place on Etna on December 2015, intermittently involving four of its summit craters, especially the Voragine (VOR) that had previously displayed no activity for several years. Here, we characterize the volcano’s SO2 degassing budget prior to, during and after this paroxysmal sequence, using ground-based (UV-Camera) and satellite (OMI) observations, complemented with thermal (thermal cameras and MODIS) measurements from both ground and space. We make use of the high spatial resolution of UV-cameras to resolve SO2 emissions from the erupting VOR crater for the first time, and to characterize temporal switches in degassing activity from VOR to the nearby New Southeast Crater (NSEC). Our data show that onset of paroxysmal activity on December 3-5 was marked by visible escalation in VOR SO2 fluxes (4700-8900 tons/day), in satellite-derived thermal emissions (2000 MW vs. ~2-11 MW July-November 2015 average), and in OMI-derived daily SO2 masses (5.4±0.7 to 10.0±1.3 kilotonnes, kt; 0.5 kt was the average in the pre-eruptive period). Switch in volcanic activity from VOR to NSEC on December 6 was detected by increasing SO2 fluxes at the NSEC crater (up to 3460±350 tons/day), and by decaying SO2 emissions at VOR, until activity termination on December 19. Taken together, our observations infer the total degassed SO2 mass for the entire VOR paroxysmal sequence at 21,000±2730 t, corresponding to complete degassing of ~1.9±0.3 Mm3 of magma, or significantly less than the measured erupted magma volumes (5.1-12 Mm3). From this mismatch, we propose that a sizeable fraction of the erupted magma during the paroxysms was stored and degassed in the volcano’s shallow plumbing system well before eruption.
Highlights
Open-vent mafic volcanoes are among the most persistent and spectacular forms of active volcanism on our planet (Rose et al, 2013)
We argue that our combined satelliteand ground-based approach could be more widely applied to studies of basaltic volcanism, and forms a useful comparison to indirectly quantified magmatic gas budgets for paroxysms, e.g., the petrological method (e.g., Roggensack et al, 1997)
The 2 December observations (Figure 3B) illustrate a visible acceleration in SO2 degassing from the Central Craters (CC) in Phase 3, as a prelude to the ensuing paroxysmal sequence which started only a few hours later
Summary
Open-vent mafic volcanoes are among the most persistent and spectacular forms of active volcanism on our planet (Rose et al, 2013). Apart from being prodigious sources of magmatic volatiles to the Earth’s atmosphere during passive (quiescent) degassing (Shinohara, 2013; Carn et al, 2017), these basaltic volcanoes are the most frequently erupting (Global Volcanism Program, 2013). Their eruptions are most commonly effusive in nature, explosive paroxysmal eruptions do periodically occur, ranging in size and intensity from Hawaiian-Strombolian (Volcanic Explosivity Index, VEI: 1–2) to Plinian (VEI: 5–6) in the most extreme events (Williams and Self, 1983; Coltelli et al, 1998; Houghton et al, 2004; Pérez et al, 2009). Improving our understanding of these, or alternative, mechanisms depends on the integration of several methods, and especially real-time observations of gas emissions
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