Abstract
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitors (BAIs) 1, 2, and 3 are members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptors, subfamily B, which share a conserved seven-transmembrane structure and an N-terminal extracellular domain. In cell- and animal-based studies, these receptors have been shown to play diverse roles under physiological and pathological conditions. BAI1 is an engulfment receptor and performs major functions in apoptotic-cell clearance and interacts (as a pattern recognition receptor) with pathogen components. BAI1 and -3 also participate in myoblast fusion. Furthermore, BAI1–3 have been linked to tumor progression and neurological diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the functions of BAI1–3 in pathological and physiological conditions and discuss future directions in terms of the importance of BAIs as pharmacological targets in diseases.
Highlights
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI) 1 was initially identified as a p53-inducible gene, expressed in the brain [1], and BAI2 and BAI3 are homologous to BAI1 [2]
It has been shown that BAI1, a member of the adhesion GPCR family, functions as an engulfment receptor in professional and nonprofessional phagocytes, inhibits angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, and regulates synaptogenesis and spinogenesis
This review provides an overview of the BAI subfamily of adhesion GPCRs, with a focus on uncovered critical roles of the BAI subfamily members that are involved in human diseases
Summary
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI) 1 was initially identified as a p53-inducible gene, expressed in the brain [1], and BAI2 and BAI3 are homologous to BAI1 [2]. An anti-mBai mRNA probe detects seven mRNA splice variants, some of which lack a part of thrombospondin type-1 repeats (TSRs) or the third cytoplasmic loop of the seven transmembrane domains, suggesting that each alternative splicing product of Bai can produce several proteins during brain development [13] Another anatomical study has shown that Bai, like Bai and Bai, is preferentially expressed in the muscle-myenteric nerve layer of a gastrointestinal tract isolated from mice [13,14]. Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor-1, -2, and -3 (Figure 1) are members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), subfamily B, which share a conserved seven-transmembrane structure and an N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) and are known to regulate several cellular functions under normal or disease-related conditions [6]. Brain-Specific Angiogenesis Inhibitors as Engulfment Receptors and Pattern-Recognition Receptors
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