Abstract
This work demonstrates the potential of porous BaTiO3 for piezoelectric sensor and energy-harvesting applications by manufacture of materials, detailed characterisation and application of new models. Ferroelectric macro-porous BaTiO3 ceramics for piezoelectric applications are manufactured for a range of relative densities, α = 0.30–0.95, using the burned out polymer spheres method. The piezoelectric activity and relevant parameters for specific applications are interpreted by developing two models: a model of a 3–0 composite and a ‘composite in composite’ model. The appropriate ranges of relative density for the application of these models to accurately predict piezoelectric properties are examined. The two models are extended to take into account the effect of 90° domain-wall mobility within ceramic grains on the piezoelectric coefficients . It is shown that porous ferroelectrics provide a novel route to form materials with large piezoelectric anisotropy at 0.20 ≤ α ≤ 0.45 and achieve a high squared figure of merit . The modelling approach allows a detailed analysis of the relationships between the properties of the monolithic and porous materials for the design of porous structures with optimum properties.
Highlights
Piezoelectric porous materials based on ferroelectric ceramics (FCs) are of interest due to piezoelectric, hydroacoustic and energy-harvesting characteristics,[1,2,3,4] and as heterogeneous ferroelectric materials with intricate microgeometry–properties interrelations.[5,6] The physical properties of a porous material that exhibits electromechanical coupling due to its ferroelectric nature depends on its properties, manufacturing method, microstructure and poling conditions
Earlier modelling studies have focused on porous ferroelectric PZT-type materials and it is clear that different manufacturing methods, as well as various pore-forming agents and microgeometric features of the porous ferroelectrics [18,19,20,21] make it difficult to use a reliable model across the whole porosity range
Based on both experimental and modelling methods, we have investigated in detail the piezoelectric properties of porous ferroelectric BaTiO3 prepared by the applicable to Experimental interpret values of the the experimental piezoelectric coefficients d3∗j in pC/N, and dotted lines are given for the benefit of the reader
Summary
Piezoelectric porous materials based on ferroelectric ceramics (FCs) are of interest due to piezoelectric, hydroacoustic and energy-harvesting characteristics,[1,2,3,4] and as heterogeneous ferroelectric materials with intricate microgeometry–properties interrelations.[5,6] The physical properties of a porous material that exhibits electromechanical coupling due to its ferroelectric nature depends on its properties, manufacturing method, microstructure and poling conditions. The physical properties of dense monolithic BaTiO3 FC are well known,[9] the piezoelectric performance and related parameters of porous materials based on BaTiO3 [4] have yet to be studied in detail. The aim of the present paper is to interpret the piezoelectric performance of macro-porous BaTiO3 in a wide porosity range using both experimental and modelling approaches and consider the porous material for sensor and energy- harvesting applications
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