Abstract
In this study, we utilize data from over 28,000 public charging stations (PCSs) and 5.5 million points of interest across twenty U.S. metropolitan areas to underscore the importance of considering the availability of daily activity opportunities when assessing accessibility to PCSs, rather than relying solely on spatial proximity. Specifically, we conduct comprehensive comparisons of opportunity-centric accessibility measures with distance-based measures and perform counterfactual analyses under various PCS deployment strategies. Our findings reveal significant inequalities in PCS access across different neighborhoods under distance-based and opportunity-centric measures. However, a greater disparity exists when considering opportunities, with high-income communities having significantly better access to PCSs. Counterfactual analyses suggest that equitable deployment based on distance measures results in the least equitable outcomes when considering opportunities, primarily due to the existing disparity in opportunity distributions in our cities. Our insights highlight the complexity of locating PCSs and can guide nationwide PCS deployment for long-term societal benefits.
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