Abstract
Understanding broiler farmers' intention toward highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) control is important to design successful HPAI control programs. We used Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to identify factors (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) associated with the intentions of Western-Java small-scale broiler farmers toward implementing cleaning and disinfection (C&D), vaccination, reporting, and stamping-out without or with 50% compensation. For this, 203 Western-Java farmers were interviewed. The majority of the farmers had a positive intention to implement C&D (89%), reporting (88%), and vaccination (80%). A lower number had a positive intention to join stamping-out both with 50% compensation (67%) and without any compensation (53%). Farmers had a more positive attitude and subjective norm, but lower perceived behavioral control toward one or more of the intentions to implement measures. Attitude was positively associated with intentions to implement C&D and vaccination. Subjective norm of veterinarians of integrated companies was positively associated with intentions to implement vaccination. Perceived behavioral control (i.e., money and time) was positively associated with intentions to implement C&D, vaccination, and stamping-out without any compensation. Results suggest that farmers are in favor of implementing preventive measures (i.e., C&D and vaccination) on HPAI control over facing the consequences of control measures (i.e., stamping-out), and HPAI control programs should primarily focus on incentivizing farmers complemented by programs aiming to improve farmers' attitude. Thus, policy should be emphasized to preventive measures rather than control measures. Financial incentive-based instruments (e.g., price and performance bonus) can be used to increase the intention of farmers to implement C&D and vaccination. Trained vaccinators might help to save the time needed to vaccinate the entire flock can increase the intention of farmers to vaccinate their chickens. Also, informational instruments (e.g., education and communication) can be used to change and to improve the attitude of farmers to implement both measures.
Highlights
Background factorsTheory of Planned Behavior (TPB) factors Level odds ratio (OR)Cleaning and disinfection (C&D) VaccinationIncome contribution Income contribution aOdds ratio. bReference category. c95% confidence interval.others about a specific measure against AI might better explain the effect of subjective norms (SN) on the intention of farmers to implement specific measures.For perceived behavioral control (PBC), being in control of the consequences for time and income significantly determined the intentions of farmers to implement cleaning and disinfection (C&D) measures and AI vaccination
More than 75% depended on broiler farming activities as their main source of income
Since we looked at multiple measures, it was not feasible to probe in extensive detail for each of them in our survey, especially with regard to biosecurity measures that comprise various kinds of measures targeted for different highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) introduction pathways
Summary
For PBC, being in control of the consequences for time and income significantly determined the intentions of farmers to implement C&D measures and AI vaccination. The OR of PBC for vaccination is higher than the PBC score for C&D In this case, PBC might serve as a safety net for broiler farmers in case the consequences of the implementation of a measure are uncontrollable or beyond the expectation of the farmers. The significant associations between PBC and intentions suggest that broiler farmers perceive those measures as costly and laborious. Despite this perception, they are still willing to spend their money and time on their implementation. Broiler farmers who have more financial resources and spare time are more likely to clean
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