Understanding the molecular mechanism of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of benzonitrile oxide toward electron‐rich N‐vinylpyrrole: a DFT study

Abstract

The [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of benzonitrile oxide, BNO 2, with an electron‐rich N‐vinylpyrrole derivative, NVP 3a, in the presence of dichloromethane, has been theoretically studied using density functional theory (DFT) methods at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. This 32CA reaction presents a relatively high activation Gibbs free energy as a result of the low polar character of this zwitterionic‐type (zw‐type) reaction. Analyses of the calculated relative Gibbs free energies and transition state geometries indicate that the studied 32CA reaction, in excellent agreement with experimental outcomes, takes place in a complete regioselective manner as a consequence of the steric repulsions that appear at the most unfavorable transition state. An electron localization function (ELF) topological analysis of the bonding changes along this 32CA reaction supports a non‐concerted two‐stage one‐step molecular mechanism in which the formation of the O3‐C5 single bond takes place at the end of the reaction after the complete formation of the C1‐C4 one. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.