Abstract
In contrast to mammals, lower vertebrates, including zebrafish (Danio rerio), have the ability to regenerate damaged or lost tissues, such as the caudal fin, which makes them an ideal model for tissue and organ regeneration studies. Since several diseases involve the process of transition between fibrosis and tissue regeneration, it is necessary to attain a better understanding of these processes. It is known that the cells of the immune system, especially macrophages, play essential roles in regeneration by participating in the removal of cellular debris, release of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, remodeling of components of the extracellular matrix and alteration of oxidative patterns during proliferation and angiogenesis. Immune cells undergo phenotypical and functional alterations throughout the healing process due to growth factors and cytokines that are produced in the tissue microenvironment. However, some aspects of the molecular mechanisms through which macrophages orchestrate the formation and regeneration of the blastema remain unclear. In the present review, we outline how macrophages orchestrate the regenerative process in zebrafish and give special attention to the redox balance in the context of tail regeneration.
Highlights
ZEBRAFISH AND TAIL FIN REGENERATIONZebrafish is a teleost fish that has been studied and increasingly utilized over the last three decades as an experimental animal model in several areas of science (Renninger et al, 2011; Weyand and Shavit, 2014)
Reviewed by: Paola Corti, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, United States Simona Martinotti, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy
Some experiments suggest that this pathway acts through the signaling of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to control the pattern of epidermal gene expression through retinoic acid signaling and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which has an important role in regulating the development of several embryonic organs (Wehner et al, 2014)
Summary
Zebrafish is a teleost fish that has been studied and increasingly utilized over the last three decades as an experimental animal model in several areas of science (Renninger et al, 2011; Weyand and Shavit, 2014). Some experiments suggest that this pathway acts through the signaling of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to control the pattern of epidermal gene expression through retinoic acid signaling and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which has an important role in regulating the development of several embryonic organs (Wehner et al, 2014) In addition to these pathways, there are many other pathways described in the literature that are necessary for caudal fin regeneration in zebrafish (Poss et al, 2000; Blum and Begemann, 2012; Wehner and Weidinger, 2015), including the Notch, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) (Chablais and Jazwinska, 2010; Huang Y. et al, 2013; SaeraVila et al, 2018), activin (Jazwinska et al, 2007), mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) (Hirose et al, 2014), calcineurin (Wixon, 2000), and fibroblast growth factor receptor (fgfr) (Saera-Vila et al, 2016) signaling pathways as well as the signaling pathways that involve the homeobox class genes, including those encoding the homeobox msx and hox proteins (Akimenko et al, 1995; Thummel et al, 2007). The overexpression of an active form of the Notch 1 receptor (N1ICD) leads to the increased proliferation
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