Understanding the leaching of plastic additives and subsequent risks to ecosystems

Abstract

Plastic pollutants have emerged as one of the biggest environmental concerns in recent times. The potential hazards arise from the presence of additives within microplastics (MPs), which can leach into the environment. These additives serve a multitude of purposes, resulting in a diverse range of compounds used in plastic formulation. These elements are commonly integrated into plastic molding processes to enhance usability, optimize material performance, and reduce costs. Throughout the lifespan of plastics, there exists a potential for the release of unpolymerized monomers (sometimes more toxic) and additives that are not chemically bound to polymers; these elements pose risks to the environment and, ultimately, human well-being. Assessing the potential impact of MPs on life requires determining the precise chemical composition and the level of exposure to these additives. Phthalates and chemical flame retardants are currently the focus of extensive examination due to their widespread presence in the environment. Following closely behind are stabilizers and antioxidants, which are also undergoing evaluation. Chemical compounds like hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) possess characteristics such as persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. The understanding of the ecotoxicological implications of plastic additives and their discharge from primary plastic materials remains limited at present. The current state of issues concerning the regulations and transparency regarding plastic additive chemicals is marked by a significant lack of openness and clarity. It is paramount to thoroughly comprehend and assess the risks that ecosystems face due to the leaching, degradation, bioaccumulation, and eventual fate of additive compounds when plastics are released into the environment.