Abstract
This article assesses drought status in the Yarmouk Basin (YB), in northern Jordan, using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Standardized Water-Level Index (SWI), and the Percent Departure from Normal rainfall (PDNimd) during the years 1993–2014. The results showed that the YB suffers from frequent and irregular periods of drought as variations in drought intensity and frequency have been observed. The SPI results revealed that the highest drought magnitude of − 2.34 appeared at Nuaimeh rainfall station in 1991. This station has also experienced severe drought particularly in years 1995, 1999, 2005, and 2012 with SPI values ranging from − 1.51 to − 1.59. Some other rainfall stations such as Baqura, Ibbin, Khanasiri, Kharja, Mafraq police, Ramtha, Turra, and Umm Qais have also suffered several periods of drought mostly in 1993. The SWI results show the highest extreme drought events in 2001 in Souf well while other extreme drought periods were observed at Wadi Elyabis well in 1994 and at Mafraq well in 1995. As compared to SPI maps, our SWI maps reflect severe and extreme drought events in most years, negatively impacting the groundwater levels in the study area.
Highlights
Jordan is among the most water scarce countries in the world
The resulted maps were all in raster format, and values for each point were estimated according to its drought index to produce the final maps
The groundwater level data are taken from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) for the period of 1993–2014
Summary
Jordan is among the most water scarce countries in the world. Jordan as many other countries in the world faces serious problems related to water shortages, which negatively affect its entire development (Jasem and Raggad 2010; Mohammad et al 2015; Hussein 2018a). Droughts are having a direct impact on increasing the water insecurity. Recent research showed that the Jordanian government has been exploring several solutions to increase the water supply in the country in the past decades, from building the Wahda Dam, the Disi Canal project completed in 2013, and supporting the construction of the Red Sea–Dead Sea Canal (Hussein 2017a, 2017b, 2017c; 2018b). This article assesses the droughts status in the Yarmouk Basin (YB) in the 1993–2014 period
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