Understanding the fate of soil organic matter in submerging coastal wetland soils: A microcosm approach

Abstract

Coastal wetland submergence can occur when rates of relative sea-level rise exceed that of soil elevation gain or landward transgression. In highly organic soils, the collapse of the wetland platform into open water can cause disarticulation of the soil structure, exposing previously protected anaerobic microzones to oxygenated seawater, which may accelerate mineralization rates. Nine soil cores (1 m deep) were collected from three sites within Barataria Bay, LA (USA), a region known for high rates of wetland submergence. Both the biogeochemical properties of the soils with depth were determined, as well as the impacts of the introduction of oxygenated seawater on carbon mineralization rates. Both field enzyme activity (β‑glucosidase, N‑acetyl‑beta‑d‑glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, β‑xylosidase, and β‑cellobiosidase) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) did not significantly change with depth until 50 cm, where activity increased dramatically, then gradually decreased. Total carbon (C), total nitrogen, and percent organic matter were highest between 50 and 100 cm. Following initial biogeochemical characterization, soil microcosms were created for 11 depth segments under anaerobic conditions (mimicking an intact wetland) and aerobic conditions (mimicking a submerging wetland mixing with oxygenated water); carbon dioxide (CO2) production was measured within the bottles over 14 days. Carbon dioxide production averaged 66% greater in the aerobic treatment than the anaerobic treatment. Both treatments exhibited a general trend of increasing CO2 production with depth (particularly from 40 to 100 cm), with the difference in CO2 production between aerobic and anaerobic treatments being 4× greater at 90–100 cm than at the soil surface (0–5 cm). The increase in C mineralization rates observed at depth was positively correlated with indicators of greater microbial activity (i.e., higher enzyme activity and MBC) and greater nutrient availability. Study results indicate coastal wetland submergence into open water could significantly enhance CO2 emissions, even in deep (40+ cm) soils, contrary to the typically observed pattern of soil microbial activity and soil quality decreasing with depth. These findings underline the need to analyze deeper soil samples (1+ m) in order to fully understand the implications of sea level rise on C loss from submerging coastal wetland soils.