Abstract
Kaldar Cave is a key archaeological site that provides evidence of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Iran. Excavations at the site in 2014–2015 led to the discovery of cultural remains generally associated with anatomically modern humans (AMHs) and evidence of a probable Neanderthal-made industry in the basal layers. Attempts have been made to establish a chronology for the site. These include four thermoluminescence (TL) dates for Layer 4, ranging from 23,100 ± 3300 to 29,400 ± 2300 BP, and three AMS radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples belonging to the lower part of the same layer, yielding ages of 38,650–36,750 cal BP, 44,200–42,350 cal BP, and 54,400–46,050 cal BP (all at the 95.4% confidence level). Kaldar Cave is the first well-stratified Late Palaeolithic locality to be excavated in the Zagros which is one of the earliest sites with cultural materials attributed to early AMHs in western Asia. It also offers an opportunity to study the technological differences between the Mousterian and the first Upper Palaeolithic lithic technologies as well as the human behaviour in the region. In this study, we present a detailed description of the newly excavated stratigraphy, quantified results from the lithic assemblages, preliminary faunal remains analyses, geochronologic data, taphonomic aspects, and an interpretation of the regional paleoenvironment.
Highlights
Understanding the initial spread of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) out of Africa is a key goal for palaeoanthropologists
The early Upper Palaeolithic assemblages are known as the Rostamian, which is defined as a bladelet-based technocomplex[8,9,10,11]
It is 16 m long, 17 m wide, and 7 m high. The potential of this site for excavation was first realized during a survey in 2010, when we started our regional study of the Khorramabad Valley as a goal-oriented research project
Summary
Understanding the initial spread of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) out of Africa is a key goal for palaeoanthropologists. In western Eurasia, this technocomplex replaced the Mousterian, associated in this region with Neanderthals. This transition may have occurred at approximately 50 to 40 ka (see refs 2–7). Many of the researchers who study materials from the Zagros agree that the lithic assemblages from this region share some features with assemblages from central Europe and the Levant. These include typo-technological characteristics of the Aurignacian tradition as well as inter-assemblage variability[12,13,14]. BP—suggests that the technology in the region featured a high degree of complexity[5,8,9,10,11]
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