Abstract
Simple SummaryWheat anthesis date is an important turning point for wheat from vegetative growth stage to reproductive growth stage, which is crucial for wheat to adapt to environment and increase grain yield. In this study, a panel of adaptive wheat varieties including historical varieties from the 1940s and current varieties was used to understand the contribution of growing season, genotypes and their interaction effects to anthesis date. Based on our results, we can conclude that growing seasons contributed tremendously to the anthesis date of wheat. In future wheat breeding, more consideration should be given to growing seasons, and the gene combination with the strongest adaptability to the growing seasons should be selected.Quantitative studies on the effects of growing season, genotype (including photoperiod genes and vernalization genes), and their interaction (GGI) on the anthesis date of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are helpful to provide a scientific reference for selecting or developing adaptive varieties in target environments. In this study, we collected 100 winter wheat varieties with ecological adaptability in North China and identified the anthesis date under field conditions for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2019 with mapped photoperiod and vernalization alleles. Our results showed that the number of the photoperiod-insensitive Ppd-D1a allele increased with variety replacement, while the haplotype Ppd-A1b + Ppd-D1b + vrn-D1 (A4B2) decreased from the 1940s to 2000s. The anthesis date of A4B2 was significantly delayed due to the photoperiod-insensitive alleles Ppd-A1b and Ppd-D1b. The additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and GGI biplot analysis were used for data analysis. A large portion of the total variation was explained by growing seasons (66.3%), while genotypes and GGIs explained 21.9% and 10.1% of the anthesis dates, respectively. The varieties from the 1940s and before had a great influence on the anthesis date, suggesting these germplasms tend to avoid premature anthesis and could facilitate the development of phenological resilient varieties.
Highlights
The results showed that the anthesis date occurred early in the year with the high accumulated temperature, which is consistent with the results of other studies [6,42]
The present results showed that the A2B2 and A4B2 genotypes delayed anthesis date under the growing seasonal conditions among the three years, and the A4B2 genotype was mainly distributed in the 1940s varieties, which were greatly influenced by the genotypes
This study showed that the response of the anthesis date to the photoperiod and vernalization alleles varied among eras in the process of variety replacement
Summary
Anthesis is a critical turning point in the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive growth stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) [1] and is important for improving the adaptability of wheat to abiotic (temperature and water) and biotic stress (pest and disease) as well as for increasing the seed set [2,3]. The anthesis date is a key period in the entire phenology of wheat and one of the key determinants of wheat yield [4]. Many studies have shown that temperature and photoperiod are the main factors affecting the anthesis date of wheat under sufficient light and irrigation [5,6,7]. The growing seasonal temperature fluctuation does affect photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and respiration of wheat [8] and anthesis during its normal phenological growth [9]
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