Abstract
Ketonization of carboxylic acids is one of the crucial reactions to produce sustainable bio-fuel and bio-chemicals from the pyrolysis oil of wood. Ketonization using different mixed solutions of carboxylic acids, furfural, and hydroxyacetone has been explored to understand the influence of co-feed reactants on the performance of ketonization of carboxylic acid over the selected CeZrOx catalyst. Furfural (7% in water) inhibited the catalytic activity for ketonization of acetic acid (20% solution) with reversible blocking of active sites, but for a mixed solution of hydroxyacetone (7%) and acetic acid (20%), both reactants influenced each other, resulting in very low conversions and slow and uncompleted recovery to 50% after removing hydroacetone from the mixture. For the mixed solution (20% acetic acid + 7% furfural + 7% hydroxyacetone in water), hydroxyacetone was the most reactive compound on CeZrOx and the conversions of reactants reached below 10%, due to the inhibition of co-existing carbonyl components. This work provides guidance for ketonization of carboxylic acids in the aqueous-phase pyrolysis oil.
Highlights
Renewable bio-fuels are receiving extensive interest as drop-in fuels, especially as governments consider a carbon-neutral growth strategy for the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions
Since wood consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, if it is pyrolyzed, various organic compounds derived from cellulose and hemicellulose will be present in the crude bio-oil as well as diverse phenolic compounds derived from lignin
HA was the most reactive on CeZrOx among the reactants early in the reaction, but its conversion dramatically dropped to about 10% on stream
Summary
Renewable bio-fuels are receiving extensive interest as drop-in fuels, especially as governments consider a carbon-neutral growth strategy for the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions. Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the promising resources from which renewable transportation fuel and chemicals can be produced through thermochemical transformation such as gasification and pyrolysis technologies. A high yield of liquid product (bio-oil) can be obtained from fast pyrolysis. It is well known that the crude bio-oil can be upgraded into bio-fuel via hydro-upgrading processes and a number of studies including research on catalysts, reaction mechanisms and reaction conditions have been conducted (Han et al 2019; Yu et al 2017). Since wood consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, if it is pyrolyzed, various organic compounds derived from cellulose and hemicellulose will be present in the crude bio-oil as well as diverse phenolic compounds derived from lignin. Many issues should be overcome to chemically transform crude bio-oil into bio-fuel via hydro-upgrading processes
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