Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major fusarium toxin widely detected in cereal grains. The inadvertent exposure to this fungal secondary-metabolite gives rise to a myriad of adverse health effects including appetite loss, emesis, and suppression of the immune system. While most of the attention this mycotoxin has gained in the past four decades was related to its eukaryotic toxicity (monogastric animals and plants more precisely), recent studies have begun to reveal its negative influence on prokaryotes. Recently presented evidence indicates that DON can negatively affect many bacterial species, raising the possibility of DON-induced imbalances within the microbiota of the human and animal gut, in addition to other environmental niches. This in turn has led to a greater interest in understanding bacterial responses toward DON, and the involved mechanism(s) and metabolic pathways, in order to build a more comprehensive picture of DON-induced changes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike. This study reveals the transcriptomic profiling of Devosia mutans strain 17-2-E-8 after the inclusion of DON within its growth medium. The results highlight three adaptive mechanisms involved in the response of D. mutans 17-2-E-8 to this mycotoxin, which include: (a) activation of adenosine 5’-triphosphate-binding cassette transporters; (b) engagement of a toxin-specific pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent detoxification pathway; and finally (c) the upregulation of auxiliary coping proteins such as porins, glutathione S-transferases, and phosphotransferases. Some of the identified mechanisms are universal in nature and are shared with other bacterial genera and species.
Highlights
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major fusarium mycotoxin widely present in cereal food/feed, which is produced by invasive fungal species during plant pathogenesis
The addition of 1,000 μg/ml DON resulted in a reduced growth only within the first 72 h following media inoculation, indicating that D. mutans 17-2-E-8 cells in the stationary phase may be more resistant to DON compared with actively dividing/growing cells
A reduction in DON concentrations was observed in cultures incubated with up to 1,000 μg/ml DON in parallel to our earlier reported studies (He et al, 2016; Hassan et al, 2017). This is despite the fact that a DON concentration of 1,000 μg/ ml decreased the bacterial transformation rates of this mycotoxin in comparison with lower DON concentrations within the 36–72-h time frame (Figure 2)
Summary
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major fusarium mycotoxin widely present in cereal food/feed, which is produced by invasive fungal species during plant pathogenesis. Transcriptomics of Deoxynivalenol in Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8 nutrients, through the suppression of protein biosynthesis (Peng et al, 2017a) and/or interference with cellular membrane integrity (De Walle et al, 2010; Ghareeb et al, 2015), is well documented. Several recent reports have revealed that exposure to DON can affect intestinal mucus production and the functional diversity of gut microbiota (Piotrowska et al, 2014; Peng et al, 2017b; Robert et al, 2017), as well as increasing the genotoxicity of certain chemicals in specific hosts (Payros et al, 2017), thereby highlighting the need for further investigations of DON effects in prokaryotes as well as in eukaryotes (Park et al, 2014; Ishikawa et al, 2017).
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