Abstract
Control of the force system that is applied to teeth is one of the main problems in the field of biomechanics. Straight archwires seldom produce forces and moments that are of the appropriate direction and magnitude. For this reason, orthodontic loops have been used extensively, either in order to decrease force magnitude or to produce a force system compatible with desired tooth movement. A major use of loops is in the retraction of canines, where a correct moment to force ratio is essential for bodily movement. 1 Burstone CJ Koenig HA Optimizing anterior and canine retraction. Am J Orthod. 1975; 67: 11-23 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar , 2 Burstone CJ The segmented arch approach to space closure. Am J Orthod. 1982; 82: 361-378 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar Unfortunately, achieving force magnitudes within the considered biologic range, in combination with appropriate moment to force ratios over a large range of activation, has not proven easy. The design of the loop influences both the force levels and the moment to force ratio (M/F) in such a way that it is difficult to change the one without adversely affecting the other.
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