Abstract
have modified large river-floodplain ecosystems to the extent that it is difficult to recognize major variables that once regulated the systems and to account for the surviving biota. The natural functions of these systems have practically disappeared, principally because modifications have tended to prevent regular flooding. Studying these and other ecosystems that now have welldefined land/water boundaries has not only produced two classes of ecologists, terrestrial and aquatic, but in aquatic ecology has also given rise to limnologists and stream ecologists whose theories usually presume relatively static water levels (Junk et al. 1989). Forbes (1895) in the United States and Antipa (1911, 1928) in Europe recognized some of the ecological attributes and value of river-flood-
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