Understanding Japan's International Development NGO Policy: Domestic Interpretations, Identities, and Interests

Abstract

This article examines why Japan decided to promote an international development nongovernmental organization (IDNGO) policy in 1989. While Reimann's 2003 and 2010 analyses argue that international norms and pressure account for the establishment of this policy, I find that domestic actors' interpretations and policy processes significantly contributed to producing it. I argue that the IDNGO policy reflects a shift in policy-makers' perceptions of Japanese identity from a “merchant nation” to a “leader.” This reconstruction entails new sets of interests regarding building a positive global reputation and friendly relationships not only with other states, but also with “grassroots” citizens at home and abroad. This study highlights that identity is changeable and that domestic policy processes and actors need to be taken into more serious consideration. Demonstrating the importance of NGOs and grassroots people in constructing Japanese state identity, this article suggests that targets of recognition in international relations go beyond the state level.