Abstract
Building materials can be exposed to microorganisms (mainly bacteria, fungi and algae) in almost every aqueous medium or damp environment, water being the indispensable condition for life development. The activity of microorganisms can be responsible for mineralogical, chemical and microstructural damage to the material (biodeterioration). Deleterious effects can also concern the aesthetics of a building (proliferation of colored biological stains on facades and roofs) or the quality of indoor air (presence of microorganisms in damp buildings). However, microorganisms can also have positive effects (healing of materials) and their action is explored through the development of bio-based protective systems intended for building materials. In all cases, understanding interactions between building materials and microorganisms is an indispensable step toward the development of more sustainable, better quality, safer structures in many environments. This paper presents two examples where the action of microorganisms has—or is likely to have—strong impact on the durability and safety of concrete structures. The first example concerns the biodeterioration of concrete in agricultural and agro-food environments. The second example is that of the abiotic and biotic reactivity of nitrates in repository of intermediate-level long-lived nuclear wastes. The paper presents the approaches used to explore and understand the phenomenology of bio-geo-chemical interactions in these complex environments. These studies notably comprise the development of test methods and experimental pilots to enable these explorations to be carried out. Current shortcomings in the scientific literature and in the standardization environment are also highlighted.
Highlights
Infrastructures and buildings are exposed to microorganisms in a variety of contexts
Regarding interactions between microorganisms and cementitious materials, while the mechanisms of alteration of the cement matrix should be further completed in the different contexts where biodeterioration occurs, the impact of the cement paste properties on the biofilm structuration and activity has to be investigated as, in some cases, it plays a significant role in the durability of the cement based materials and products [75, 76, 115, 116]
Interactions between building materials and microorganisms can occur in many contexts and these interactions can condition the durability, the safety or the aesthetics of numerous buildings and infrastructures
Summary
Infrastructures and buildings are exposed to microorganisms in a variety of contexts. In every situation where building materials can be in contact with water or moisture, an indispensable condition for life to develop, they can be subject to the action of microorganisms. Interactions between life and materials may, in some cases, condition the service properties, the durability and the safety of building materials, products and structures [1,2,3,4]. There is growing awareness of these interactions, which are the subject of more and more research
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