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Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is colonised by trillions of commensal bacteria, most of which are obligate anaerobes residing in the large intestine. Appropriate bacterial colonisation is generally known to be critical for human health. In particular, the development and function of the immune system depends on microbial colonisation, and a regulated cross-talk between commensal bacteria, intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells is required to maintain mucosal immune homeostasis. This homeostasis is disturbed in various inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Several in vitro and in vivo studies indicate a role for Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides fragilis, Akkermansia muciniphila and segmented filamentous bacteria in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. These obligate anaerobes are abundant in the healthy intestine but reduced in several inflammatory diseases, suggesting an association with protective effects on human health. However, knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the effects of obligate anaerobic intestinal bacteria remains limited, in part due to the difficulty of co-culturing obligate anaerobes together with oxygen-requiring human epithelial cells. By using novel dual-environment co-culture models, it will be possible to investigate the effects of the unstudied majority of intestinal microorganisms on the human epithelia. This knowledge will provide opportunities for improving human health and reducing the risk of inflammatory diseases.
Highlights
The health of humans is impacted by the symbiotic relationship with their microbiota, while a dysbiosis of the resident microbiota is associated with various disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases [1,2,3], colorectal cancer [4,5], coeliac disease [6] and obesity [7]
This study demonstrated the predominance of bacteria within the human microbiota as
In addition to the described phylum level changes, specific bacterial species were decreased in the intestinal microbiota of patients with inflammatory diseases, e.g., F. prausnitzii was reduced in inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome and coeliac disease [60]
Summary
The health of humans is impacted by the symbiotic relationship with their microbiota, while a dysbiosis of the resident microbiota is associated with various disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases [1,2,3], colorectal cancer [4,5], coeliac disease [6] and obesity [7]. The challenging task for the intestinal immune system is to maintain a homeostatic balance between tolerance towards harmless agents and immunity against pathogens This is achieved through various regulatory adaptations in the cross-talk between the commensal bacteria, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells of the GIT. This review describes novel models that will enable the study of the interactions between the host and its mainly obligate anaerobic microbiota in vitro. This new knowledge will provide opportunities to improve both intestinal and overall health
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