Understanding friendships and promoting friendship development through peer mentoring for individuals with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities

Abstract

Abstract Friendships for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) provide enhanced community participation and improved quality of life. However, friendships between individuals with and without IDD continue to be scarce with limited opportunities for interaction. In this chapter, we discuss friendship development for individuals with IDD including friendship definitions, characteristics, quality, reciprocity, and satisfaction as well as interpersonal and societal barriers to friendships between individuals with and without IDD. Next, we describe how peer mentoring programs across ages, disability, and settings promote social interactions between individuals with and without IDD and provide opportunities to develop life-long friendships. Then, we propose merging two theories, the Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) and the Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1976), to use as a guide in creating peer mentoring programs that will support and build the intrinsic motivation and self-determination of individuals without IDD to have the confidence to engage with individuals with IDD. These theories also guide examination of the impact of peer mentoring programs on participants, communities, and society. Finally, we end this chapter with three critical areas for research in friendship development and peer mentoring programs to improve friendship outcomes for individuals with IDD.