Understanding Frailty in Older Adults: Examining Attributes, Antecedents, and Consequences

Abstract

Background: Frailty has been debated in the literature for three decades, necessitating a comprehensive understanding to guide future research. This study conducts a concept analysis using Walker and Avant's (2011) framework, examining the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of frailty based on a literature review. Aims: This study aims to elucidate the multidimensional nature of frailty, encompassing physical, psychological, and social aspects of older adults' perceptions in later life. The analysis contributes to the conceptual definition of frailty and informs future research. Methods: A concept analysis approach following Walker and Avant's (2011) guidelines was utilized. A thorough literature review was conducted, synthesizing the findings in a matrix. The analysis focused on identifying the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of frailty. Results: Frailty is a multidimensional concept encompassing physical vulnerability, cognitive decline, emotional distress, social isolation, and functional impairment. Antecedents include age-related changes, chronic illnesses, and psychosocial factors. Consequences involve increased healthcare utilization, decreased quality of life, and higher mortality rates. Empirical referents include standardized assessment tools, clinical diagnoses, and self-report measures. Conclusion: Frailty should be understood holistically, addressing physical, psychological, and social dimensions in older adults' lives. This understanding is vital for developing comprehensive interventions and policies to enhance their well-being. The findings establish a foundation for further research on the conceptual definition of frailty and its implications for clinical practice and public health. Implications for Nursing: This conceptual analysis has implications for researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. Recognizing the broader dimensions of frailty enables the development of interventions addressing the complex needs of older adults. Refining assessment tools can capture the multidimensional aspects of frailty accurately. A holistic approach to frailty management should be adopted, guiding the development of targeted interventions to improve older adults' overall well-being. Keywords: Frailty, Older adults, Attributes, Antecedents, Consequences.