Abstract
Currently, a global pandemic era of public health concerns is going on with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan’s Huanan seafood market in China late December 2019. Bats, pangolins, and snakes have been nominated as salient carriers of the virus. Thanks to its high pathogenicity, it can cause severe respiratory infections. Fever, dry cough, sore throat, pneumonia, septic shock, and ground-glass opacities are the foremost clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for COVID-19 infection and may lead to death. Scientist and government agencies around the globe are putting forward their best efforts and resources for the effective treatment of human coronavirus infections; however, neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of human coronaviruses (HCoV) infections such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS (Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome), and COVID-19. Since the outbreak, a plethora of research and review articles have been published. Moreover, the mass media has bombarded the public with conflicting opinions about the pandemic. There is a dire need for accurate and reliable information concerning this pandemic. In this review, we have compiled the up to date information about the origins, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, very few reports have addressed the clinical features and current status of treatment for COVID-19; we have adequately addressed these topics in detail in this review. Finally, a detailed account of clinical trials of vaccines and other therapeutics currently in progress has been delineated.
Highlights
The recent pandemic has affected more than seventeen million people across 215 countries and territories and caused deaths of more than 751.399 people as per reported data from John HopkinsUniversity Coronavirus Resource Center on August 13, 2020
Thailand was the first country that was infected after China, and the first case was reported in Thailand on 13 January 2020, in a patient who traveled to Thailand
An open-label, non-randomized clinical trial showed that hydroxychloroquine (600 mg/day) treatment is magnificently related to a decreased rate of viral replication in patients, and its effectiveness is reinforced by azithromycin (500 mg/day) [116]
Summary
University Coronavirus Resource Center on August 13, 2020. World Health Organization declared this pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 31 January 2020 [1]. The novel coronavirus responsible for this pandemic was named “2019-nCoV” and was later changed to “SARS-CoV-2” owing to its high similarity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [2]. It became popular as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [3]. This review covers multiples aspects of COVID-19, including the structure of the virus, evolution process of the disease, epidemiologic outcomes, pathogenetic data, clinical features, diagnosis tools, treatment strategies, and prevention and control pathways
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