Abstract
Smartwatches are the most popular wearable device and increasingly subject to empirical research. In recent years, the focus has shifted from revealing determinants of smartwatch adoption to understanding factors that cause long-term usage. Despite their importance for personal fitness, health monitoring, and for achieving health and fitness goals, extant research on the continuous use intention of smartwatches mostly disregards health and fitness factors. Grounding on self-determination theory, this study addresses this gap and investigates the impact of health and fitness as well as positive and negative emotional factors encouraging or impeding consumers to continuously use smartwatches. We build upon the expectation-confirmation model (ECM) and extend it with emotional (device annoyance and enjoyment) as well as health and fitness factors (goal pursuit motivation and self-quantification behavior). We use structural equation modeling to validate our model based on 335 responses from actual smartwatch users. Results prove the applicability of the ECM to the smartwatch context and highlight the importance of self-quantification as a focal construct for explaining goal pursuit motivation, perceived usefulness, confirmation and device annoyance. Further, we identify device annoyance as an important barrier to continuous smartwatch use. Based on our results, we finally derive implications for researchers and practitioners alike.
Highlights
Smartwatches are wearable devices which are equipped with a screen and sensors
The influence of emotional factors According to self-determination theory (SDT), extrinsic motivation describes the behavior driven by external achievements and rewards (Deci and Ryan 1985b), whereas intrinsic motivation refers to internal rewards, such as pleasure
The results confirm all relationships proposed in the expectation-confirmation model (ECM) and thereby provide support for previous research on continuance intention of smartwatches (Nascimento et al 2018; Ogbanufe and Gerhart 2018; Pal et al 2018)
Summary
Smartwatches are wearable devices which are equipped with a screen and sensors (e.g., accelerometers, IR sensors). Another point of criticism regards the fact that emotional factors such as enjoyment might play an important role for the initial and for the continued technology use (Thong et al 2006) As these aspects provide fruitful avenues for extending and applying the expectation confirmation model to the context of smartwatches, we address these limitations by integrating positive and negative emotional factors as well as the goal pursuit motivation and self-quantification, two health- and fitness-related factors. The expectation-confirmation model In line with the assumptions of the ECM and prior research building upon the ECM to explain continuous smartwatch usage (e.g., Nascimento et al 2018; Pal et al 2018; Gupta et al 2020), we derive our first five hypotheses: H1: Satisfaction positively affects continuance intention. The influence of emotional factors According to SDT, extrinsic motivation describes the behavior driven by external achievements and rewards (Deci and Ryan 1985b), whereas intrinsic motivation refers to internal rewards, such as pleasure
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