Abstract
The charge transfer phenomenon of contact electrification even exists in the liquid–solid interface by a tiny droplet on the solid surface. In this work, we have investigated the contact electrification mechanism at the liquid–solid interface from the electronic structures at the atomic level. The electronic structures display stronger modulations by the outmost shell charge transfer via surface electrostatic charge perturbation than the inter-bonding-orbital charge transfer at the liquid–solid interface, supporting more factors being involved in charge transfer via contact electrification. Meanwhile, we introduce the electrochemical cell model to quantify the charge transfer based on the pinning factor to linearly correlate the charge transfer and the electronic structures. The pinning factor exhibits a more direct visualization of the charge transfer at the liquid–solid interface. This work supplies critical guidance for describing, quantifying, and modulating the contact electrification induced charge transfer systems in triboelectric nanogenerators in future works.
Highlights
The charge transfer phenomenon of contact electrification even exists in the liquid–solid interface by a tiny droplet on the solid surface
The triboelectric effect, which is known as contact electrification (CE)-related electrostatic phenomena, is the most common situation that occurred in the ambient environment, from simple walking to even thunderstorms
By calculating the electron charge induced by the adsorption of hydroxide groups (OH−) groups, the excessive electrons detected in the system is attributed to the charge transfer between the liquid and solid surface
Summary
The charge transfer phenomenon of contact electrification even exists in the liquid–solid interface by a tiny droplet on the solid surface. HfO2, an evident alleviation of the work function demonstrates the electrons are transferred from the solid surface to water molecules. The charged Na ions show stronger impacts on the band offset than the pure molecules, which support the contribution of the ion concentrations to the charge transfer in the contact electricity of liquid–solid interface.
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