Understanding Barriers to Development and Growth in Women, Ethnic, and Minority Entrepreneurship

Рост женского предпринимательства во всем мире стал глобальной тенденцией, что позволило называть эти явления тихой революцией. В Африке этот сегмент экономики развивается стремительно. Актуальность заявленной проблематики объясняется как этими тенденциями, так и статистическими данными. В странах Черной Африки, расположенных южнее Сахары (Ангола, Бенин, Ботсвана, Буркина-Фасо, Бурунди, Габон, Гамбия, Гана, Кения, Намибия, Нигерия, Руанда, Танзания, ЮАР и др.), по данным статистики, женщины являются руководителями в среднем около трети всех компаний, в Сенегале доля женщин-предпринимателей и руководителей компаний достигает 37%, в Ботсване – 32%, в Южной Африке 26%. Благополучными считаются условия для развития женского бизнеса в Сенегале, Гане, Нигерии, Кот-д’Ивуаре, Уганде. Несмотря на значительный вклад в развитие экономики целого ряда африканских стран, женщины встречают препятствия на пути к качественному образованию, а женский бизнес в регионе ограничен в доступных инвестициях и инфраструктуре. Поддержку женскому бизнесу оказывают различные международные организации, такие, как Международная ассоциация «Франкофония», а также региональные организации и проекты. Региональные социальные структуры концентрируют свою деятельность на финансово-экономической, информационной поддержке и образовании. Так, Фонд поддержки женщин Кот-д’Ивуара (FAFCI) выделяет для развития бизнеса микрокредиты. Другие, как сотовый оператор Orange, в центр программы поддержки ставит развитие цифрового образования среди женщин в бизнесе, что позволяет не только учиться, но и развивать нужные связи в профильных некоммерческих организациях. Предлагаемое исследование направлено на выявление отраслей, в которых в основном работают женщины-предприниматели, на анализ удобных условий для развития предпринимательства, возглавляемого женщинами, а также тех препятствий, которые возникают на пути развития их бизнеса, и на предложение решений, которые могли бы снять эти проблемы. The growth of women's entrepreneurship around the world has become a global trend, which makes it possible to call these phenomena a quiet revolution. In Africa, this segment of the economy is developing rapidly. The relevance of the stated issues is explained both by these trends and by statistical data. In the countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, South Africa, etc.), according to statistics, women are leaders on average, about a third of all companies; in Senegal, the share of women entrepreneurs and company managers reaches 37%, in Botswana - 32%, in South Africa 26%. Conditions for the development of women's businesses in Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, and Uganda are considered favorable. Despite significant contributions to the economic development of a number of African countries, women face barriers to quality education, and women-owned businesses in the region are limited in available investment and infrastructure. Support for women's business is provided by various international organizations, such as the International Association Francophonie, as well as regional organizations and projects. Regional social structures concentrate their activities on financial, economic, information support and education. Thus, the Women's Fund of Côte d'Ivoire (FAFCI) provides microloans for business development. Others, like the mobile operator Orange, place the development of digital education among women in business at the center of their support program, which allows them not only to study, but also to develop the necessary connections in specialized non-profit organizations. The proposed study aims to identify the industries in which women entrepreneurs mainly work, to analyze the favorable conditions for the development of women-led entrepreneurship, as well as the obstacles that arise in the development of their businesses, and to propose solutions that could remove these Problems.

On the survival prospects of men's and women's new business ventures

Our research work on women's entrepreneurship in Algeria has allowed us to identify the social reality of women's entrepreneurship in Algeria, and thus to identify the difficulties and obstacles it faces. To understand the reasons for these obstacles, it became clear to us through these results the necessity of testing the hypothesis “that the difficulties faced by the enterprises are due to the environment in which they are located” and that is through their assessment of this environmental environment. To carry out this research, we relied on the methodology applied by the International Labor Organization. The evaluation framework for the environment of women's entrepreneurship revolves around six variables as follows, first, the existence of a legal and regulatory system sensitive to the gender dimension that contributes to the economic empowerment of women; Secondly ،the position of women entrepreneurship in the national politics, thirdly, the existence of programs for gendersensitive financial interests, fourthly, benefiting from interests to support the development of gendersensitive institutions, fifth, access to markets and access to technology, sixth, representation of women entrepreneurs and their participation in political dialogue. To achieve this research of assessing the environmental environment of women's business in Algeria, we interviewed 42 women entrepreneurs using the focal-loop technique from the states: Algiers, Bejaia, Annaba, Oran and El Bayadh. An assessment of the legal and political ecosystem for women's business in Algeria allowed us to conclude that laws and labor legislation do not constitute a major obstacle for women entrepreneurs who are active in the formal sector, but the practice and reality of the field negatively affect women's micro-enterprises. On the institutional level, the Ministry of Solidarity, Family and Women's Issues has a directorate charged with promoting women. Among its tasks is the development of women's entrepreneurship. The political interest in the development of women's entrepreneurship, the interest of employers in promoting the spirit of entrepreneurship among women, and the contribution of women's entrepreneurship associations to the promotion of quality entrepreneurship, translates into a consensus of various actors in the political, economic and social sphere on the strategic importance of developing women's entrepreneurship. However, access to information remains the weak point for women entrepreneurs

Today, entrepreneurship represents a career opportunity for women of all age groups, especially for young mothers who can be with their children and work at the same time. There are more women than men living in the European Union, there are only a little more than a third of the self-employed in the European Union. Social networks represent a very economical and cost-effective way of advertising products, which provides an outlet for female entrepreneurship in the sense that today everything can be much more visible in the world than it was before. Advertising with social networks is the most common form of informing users about new products or services, this especially applies to the younger group of users. The aim of the work is to present an analysis of the role and importance of young mothers in the development of entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The subject of the research is related to the success of this type of entrepreneurship in the Balkans, its survival, and growth in the future. Methodology: The hypothesis that H0 – small entrepreneurship of young mothers has a significant impact on the development of entrepreneurship in the Balkans was tested through comparative research conducted based on questionnaires and available research on the Internet. The obtained research results indicate newly emerging trends, but it is necessary to point out that these same trends are expected. The study presents the results of research from the previous period in this area. The key conclusions from the research refer to the observation of variables that can be useful in making more effective decisions on this matter in the future. This represents the mission of female entrepreneurship, which leads to determining priorities such as professional training and improvement of women's knowledge and skills, promotion of a favorable image of women in business, and the establishment of new companies owned by women - self-employment. Keywords: entrepreneur, marketing, management, social network, mother.

Over the past decade, there has been a boom within the business environment, with women entrepreneurs evolving in large numbers contributing to the social and economic level development of society. Economic participation and development of organizations indicate that 15% to 35% of entrepreneurs are women. The business being the fulcrum of any economy, it is the responsibility of the business proprietors, be they, men or women, to weigh the effect of their operations on society. Entrepreneurship in management is the process of organizing existing resources for marketable products and services. Women business owners who have adopted and executed entrepreneurial exercises and techniques in their firms can be called women entrepreneurs. Generally, entrepreneurship is considered a domain for men; however, women have pioneered fields like teaching, retail, and health professions for a very long period, and women are known for their problem-solving strategies to deal with problems, issues, multitasking, team building and the successful development of organizations. The story of women entrepreneurs is a societal change that has been happening since the early 21st century. Economic growth has been steady in countries where women have advanced in entrepreneurship, whereas in countries where growth in women's entrepreneurship is not so evident Economic development has been stagnant. Hence, this paper narrates the entrepreneurial opportunities for women in India.

Section 1: Overview 1. Intellectual Foundations of Entrepreneurship 2. Unfinished Business (Entrepreneurship) of the 20th Century 3. Entrepreneurship Through the Ages 4. Science and Practice of New Business Ventures: Wealth Creation and Prosperity Through Entrepreneurship Growth and Renewal 5. Emerging Patterns of Entrepreneurship: Distinguishing Attributes of an Evolving Discipline Section 2: Entrepreneurial Processes 6. Opportunity Recognition 7. The Emergence of Entrepreneurial Marketing: Nature and Meaning 8. Bootstrap Finance 9. Entrepreneurial Growth: Predictors and Indicators 10. Entrepreneurial Failures: Key Challenges and Future Directions Section 3: Technology and Entrepreneurship 11. Electronic Commerce: Current Understanding and Unanswered Questions 12. The Impact of Mobile Commerce on Small Business and Entrepreneurship 13. e-Commerce Entrepreneurship: Emerging Practices, Key Challenges and Future Directions Section 4: Social Entrepreneurship 14. Developing Communities, People and Businesses: In Search of a Model of Community-based Enterprises 15. Wealth Creation in Distressed Inner Cities: What Can Business Schools Contribute? Section 5. Entrepreneurship Types 16. Women Entrepreneurs in the New Millennium: Recent Progress and Future Directions for Research, Entrepreneurship Development and Teaching 17. Serial Entrepreneurship: An In-Depth Look at the Phenomenon of Habitual Entrepreneurs 18. Immigrant and Ethnic Entrepreneurship: A U.S. Perspective Section 6: Entrepreneurship Education 19. Innovations in Entrepreneurship Education: Strategy and Tactics for Joining the Ranks of Innovative Entrepreneurship Programs in Higher Education 20. Entrepreneurship Education: Market Segmentation and Lerner Needs

Needless to say that the women entrepreneurs of Bangladesh lack behind in economic advancement and decision making abilities compared to men business entrepreneurs. Research shows that only seven percent of the total business establishments are owned and headed by women which are negligible in number in a country where more than 170 million people live. One of the reasons of poor development of women entrepreneurship is limited decision making abilities of the women at different level of the society. Hence, this study aims at identifying the factors related to the development of women decision making abilities among the women business entrepreneurs. This is a causal research and this study used primary data collected from the women entrepreneurs of seven administrative divisional head-quarters of Bangladesh enlisted in Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BWCCI) database. The study used both probability and non-probability sampling techniques to select 395 women business entrepreneurs who are involved in SME businesses for interview. The data were analyzed by using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques. The results show that the factors concerning women business entrepreneurship activities such as, enterprise management, enterprise resourcing, generating business ideas, and harvesting and growth are significantly related to the development of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. And the development of entrepreneurship helps developing decision making abilities of the women entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurial factors that help to improve the abilities of decision making of the women entrepreneurs are concerned with cognitive, affective and psychomotor factors. This study suggests that the policy makers of this sector should emphasize the enhancement of the decision making abilities of the women in formulating the SME policy for the sustainable economic development of Bangladesh.

The main objective of the study is to identify the main factors contributing to the growth of women's entrepreneurship, as well as the barriers to its development, with a focus on the specifics of regions and distribution by sectors of the economy of Kazakhstan. In the global space, women's entrepreneurship plays an important role in economic development, social stability and innovation. It contributes to the creation of new jobs, increasing living standards and achieving gender equality. In the context of globalization, women entrepreneurs become key agents of change, contributing to the sustainable development and competitiveness of their countries. The study of the dynamics of women's entrepreneurship development revealed key aspects of its support and revealed significant patterns. In particular, it found that women entrepreneurs in advanced industrialized countries are better able to access educational resources, capital, and financial services. These findings emphasize the importance of ensuring equal opportunities for women in business, which contributes to their success and to the development of entrepreneurship in general. In light of these observations, it seems crucial to explore and assess the potential of women's entrepreneurship in the context of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Given the significant resource and industrial potential of the country, such an analysis can open new perspectives for the development of local business and economy. Actualization of this issue contributes not only to strengthening the economic status of women in Kazakhstan, but also to the overall progress in the existence of business structures [1].

Women entrepreneurship in B-cities in India is a dynamic yet under researched setting of intersectionalities of traditional limitations and emerging digital opportunities. This study is an exploration of how women entrepreneurs with small ventures such as selling food and handicrafts or providing digital services navigate and occupy their socio-cultural and institutional limitations in transforming personal passion into a business. It aims to explore how women entrepreneurs utilize cultural and institutional support, challenges encountered in the process of monetizing passion-led enterprises, and the extent to which digital platforms offer increased market access and promote growth and in a competitive environment. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from a stratified purposive sample of 200 women entrepreneurs across sectors of food, handicraft, digital services, and fashion. Quantitative data were analyzed utilising correlation, regression, and t-tests. The results show a significant positive correlation between cultural/institutional support & entrepreneurial support and development. Monetization and growth appear to be moderately impeded due to socio-cultural and financial constraints. Digital platforms, particularly WhatsApp Business and Instagram, are found to promote customer access and entrepreneurial development and growth while digital literacy knowledge gaps are a concern. In conclusion, determining the transition from passion to profit is influenced by the motivation of the personal entrepreneur, their social networks, institutional context, and digital skill. This study highlights the need for localized, policy, and capacity building in respect of the digital landscape to develop an inclusive support system that empowers, supports, and develops women entrepreneurs in urban India in the non-metropolitan context

We all agree that it is essential to build an inclusive entrepreneurship ecosystem for all kinds of people, particularly minority and women entrepreneurs, as the past studies are clear to demonstrate underperformance of those demographic groups. At the same time, we are only beginning to understand what kind of systemic barriers exist for women or minority entrepreneurs at the regional system level. Furthermore, it requires a different set of knowledge about how we can practically create an inclusive ecosystem. This paper applies the concept of equity planning for the context of economic development. This paper examines a case study of the City of Columbus, Ohio, in 2018–2019 in which the City Government actively promoted to build an inclusive ecosystem for women and minority entrepreneurs. We induce five essential steps that we could learn from this inclusionary practice which provide tangible implications for other city governments, nonprofit organizations, foundations, and other stakeholders of local entrepreneurship systems.

Entrepreneurship is seen as an important tool in the prevention of women's unemployment and in the fight against poverty in underdeveloped and developing countries. Entrepreneurship becomes particularly obligatory for many women to substitute a kind of employment to provide additional income to the family. Drawing on Bowen and Hisrich's a career perspective to women's entrepreneurship and the context of a successful entrepreneurial career of a woman in Turkey, this chapter aims to discuss women's entrepreneurship by focusing on the reasons as to why women might choose entrepreneurship as a career choice. Another contribution is to provide a platform aimed at encouraging the mindset for the development of women's employment and entrepreneurship. In this context, the chapter provides explanations for the reasons for women's entrepreneurship within the push and pull factors. Furthermore, the main demographics of women entrepreneurs, their general personality characteristics, the sectors they operate in, and the difficulties they face are discussed.

ABSTRACTDeparting from the concept of Diaspora and practices of Ethnic Entrepreneurship (EE), much theoretical and empirical research on third-country Migrants’ Transnational Entrepreneurship (MTE) emphasises, on a microlevel, the importance of individuals’ social capital, dual habitus, ethno-cultural motivation, constrained self-efficacy and opportunity alertness. On a mesolevel much of the literature points out that both ethnic community (size and intensity) and group characteristics (survival strategies, networks, and social capital) are pivotal factors of the business development by third-country migrants in Europe. Circumstances around migrants’ dual loyalty seem to overrule diasporic altruism and benefits of dual habitus. Above all, our empirical data show that the intersection between EE, MTE and integration policies are experienced by actors as interdependent fields of discursive practices, creating a fourth field of practice that is characterised by its own dynamic and opportunity structure. Attempting to understand the discourses dominating this fourth field of social practice we include other theories beyond those traditionally applied when studying migrants' transnational entreprenourship.

Departing from the concept of Diaspora and practices of Ethnic Entrepreneurship (EE), much theoretical and empirical research on third-country Migrants’ Transnational Entrepreneurship (MTE) emphasises, on a microlevel, the importance of individuals’ social capital, dual habitus, ethno-cultural motivation, constrained self-efficacy and opportunity alertness. On a mesolevel much of the literature points out that both ethnic community (size and intensity) and group characteristics (survival strategies, networks, and social capital) are pivotal factors of the business development by third-country migrants in Europe. Circumstances around migrants’ dual loyalty seem to overrule diasporic altruism and benefits of dual habitus. Above all, our empirical data show that the intersection between EE, MTE and integration policies are experienced by actors as interdependent fields of discursive practices, creating a fourth field of practice that is characterised by its own dynamic and opportunity structure. Attempting to understand the discourses dominating this fourth field of social practice we include other theories beyond those traditionally applied when studying migrants’ transnational entreprenourship.

PurposeThe purpose of this research paper is to investigate the growth of women's businesses from a qualitative perspective. The paper identifies strategic building blocks for defining a set of different growth platforms. Moreover, the paper investigates growth ambitions for women inside each identified “type” of growth platform and identifies critical motivation variables that can influence the decision to move from growing one business platform to growing another platform.Design/methodology/approachThe results are based on 191 women entrepreneurs. Data were analyzed by coding narrative statements from the survey into overarching themes for business platforms, descriptive frequency analysis and logistic regression analysis techniques.FindingsThe paper discerned five different growth platforms and noticed intrinsic or extrinsic growth ambitions for platform growth. The extrinsic platforms are the most common, but all platforms can be characterized by equally high growth aspirations. Each of the identified platforms is associated with distinct and unique blocks that the women entrepreneurs try to put together and resolve in order to grow their companies. Women entrepreneurs move between the different platforms when the building blocks of previous platforms have been established and secured. Variables such as profits and ownership may explain such transfers of growth ambitions.Research limitations/implicationsWhile acknowledging the qualitative growth of business platforms, the paper takes an approach that goes against the traditional view of quantitative growth.Originality/valueThis study is a response to the lack of research on qualitative growth and women's entrepreneurship and suggests that the manifested qualitative growth can be in order to secure blocks on different business platforms.

This paper contributes to the debate on gender and small business, examining two women's enterprise policies and three initiatives developed in Glasgow in the mid 1990s. Responding to concerns about the low rate of women's business start-up and growth in Glasgow, local authorities and the Local Enterprise Company developed a number of policy recommendations. Subsequent implementation by local business development agencies was piecemeal and small scale, due in part to the pressures from output related funding, and to the funders' priority for businesses with high growth potential. The most significant women's enterprise initiative has been the establishment of the Wellpark Enterprise Centre, providing a targeted range of integrated services for women's business start-up and growth.