Abstract
Guided by the great achievements of lithium (Li)-ion battery technologies, post Li-ion battery technologies have gained a considerable interest in recent years. Their success would allow us to realize a sustainable society, enabling us to mitigate issues like global warming and resource depletion. Of such technologies, Magnesium (Mg) battery technologies have attracted attention as a high energy-density storage system due to the following advantages: (1) potentially high energy-density derived from a divalent nature, (2) low-cost due to the use of an earth abundant metal, and (3) intrinsic safety aspect attributed to non-dendritic growth of Mg. However, these notable advantages are downplayed by undesirable battery reactions and related phenomena. As a result, there are only a few working rechargeable Mg battery systems. One of the root causes for undesirable behavior is the sluggish diffusion of Mg2+ inside a host lattice. Another root cause is the interfacial reaction at the electrode/electrolyte boundary. For the cathode/electrolyte interface, Mg2+ in the electrolyte needs a solvation-desolvation process prior to diffusion inside the cathode. Apart from the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formed on the cathode, the divalent nature of Mg should cause kinetically slower solvation-desolvation processes than that of Li-ion systems. This would result in a high charge transfer resistance and a larger overpotential. On the contrary, for the anode/electrolyte interface, the Mg deposition and dissolution process depends on the electrolyte nature and its compatibility with Mg metal. Also, the Mg metal/electrolyte interface tends to change over time, and with operating conditions, suggesting the presence of interfacial phenomena on the Mg metal. Hence, the solvation-desolvation process of Mg has to be considered with a possible SEI. Here, we focus on the anode/electrolyte interface in a Mg battery, and discuss the next steps to improve the battery performance.
Highlights
Rechargeable batteries, coupled with other alternative energy sources to fossil fuels, are undoubtedly a key component in realizing a sustainable society (Tarascon and Armand, 2001; Armand and Tarascon, 2008; Dunn et al, 2011; Bruce et al, 2012)
We focus on the anode/electrolyte interface of Mg batteries, with emphasis on Mg metal/organohaloaluminate electrolyte interfaces
The observed capacity was normalized to the weight of MnO2
Summary
Rechargeable batteries, coupled with other alternative energy sources (hydrogen, solar, wind, etc.) to fossil fuels, are undoubtedly a key component in realizing a sustainable society (Tarascon and Armand, 2001; Armand and Tarascon, 2008; Dunn et al, 2011; Bruce et al, 2012). Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are among the most notable examples of recently discovered rechargeable batteries, and have revolutionized portable consumer electronic devices, as well as the automotive industry. This is thanks to the advantages of higher energy density and lighter weight as compared to classical rechargeable battery systems, such as lead (Pb)/acid and nickel/cadmium (Ni/Cd). Today, this battery technology, originally spawned in the lab-scale, has been transferred into mid-scaled automobile and aerospace applications and largescaled smart grid applications. Apart from further progression of the Li-ion batteries themselves, post Li-ion battery technologies must be established to enable the diversification of electric utilization
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