Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a pervasive condition affecting persons across all age groups, although it is primarily diagnosed in children. This neurological condition affects behavior, learning, and social adjustment and requires specific symptomatic criteria to be fulfilled for diagnosis. ADHD may be treated with a combination of psychological or psychiatric therapeutic interventions, but it often goes unattended. People with ADHD face societal bias challenges that impact how they manage the disorder and how they view themselves. This paper summarizes the present state of understanding of this disorder, with particular attention to early diagnosis and innovative therapeutic intervention. Contemporary understanding of the mind–brain duality allows for innovative therapeutic interventions based on neurological stimulation. This paper introduces the concept of neurostimulation as a therapeutic intervention for ADHD and poses the question of the relationship between patient adherence to self-administered therapy and the aesthetic design features of the neurostimulation device. By fabricating devices that go beyond safety and efficacy to embrace the aesthetic preferences of the patient, it is proposed that there will be improvements in patient adherence to a device intended to address ADHD.
Highlights
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is primarily treated with stimulant medications, behavioral therapy, or a combination of both
The Monarch external Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation System delivers low-level electrical pulses to parts of the brain associated with ADHD [6]
The executive circuit that links the prefrontal cortex to the dorsal neostriatum, which is involved in dopamine release, is believed to be disrupted in patients with ADHD, as identified in imaging studies comparing active regions of the brain [18]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The U.S Food and Drug administration provided pre-market approval for a prescriptiononly neurostimulation device as a therapeutic intervention. This approval came following the success of their baselined, unblinded study that met the FDA’s criteria. The Monarch external Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation (eTNS) System delivers low-level electrical pulses to parts of the brain associated with ADHD [6]. These pulses increase activity in areas of the brain that regulate emotion, attention, and behavior [7]. Understanding all aspects of ADHD, from the associated basis in heredity through the environmental/exposure factors to the neurological manifestations among various demographics, is critical to ensuring appropriate therapeutic intervention given this paradigm shift in therapy
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