Abstract

For a long period the design of underground openings has been almost exclusively a field of the experienced practician. The scientific support by furnishing appropriate theories was poor and restricted to — more or less — thumb rules. This is due to the fact that the parameters involved with the design of underground works are complex. Most of them are difficult and onerous to evaluate, and to a certain extent it is not yet possible (even nowadays) to take them properly into account in the stability analyses.

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