Uncovering the Oral Dysbiotic Microbiota as Masters of Neutrophil Responses in the Pathobiology of Periodontitis.

Zsombor Prucsi,Alicja Płonczyńska,Jan Potempa,Maja Sochalska

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.729717

Zsombor Prucsi, Alicja Płonczyńska + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.729717

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Abstract

Numerous bacterial species participate in the shift of the oral microbiome from beneficial to dysbiotic. The biggest challenge lying ahead of microbiologists, immunologists and dentists is the fact that the bacterial species act differently, although usually synergistically, on the host immune cells, including neutrophils, and on the surrounding tissues, making the investigation of single factors challenging. As biofilm is a complex community, the members interact with each other, which can be a key issue in future studies designed to develop effective treatments. To understand how a patient gets to the stage of the late-onset (previously termed chronic) periodontitis or develops other, in some cases life-threatening, diseases, it is crucial to identify the microbial composition of the biofilm and the mechanisms behind its pathogenicity. The members of the red complex (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) have long been associated as the cause of periodontitis and stayed in the focus of research. However, novel techniques, such as 16S clonal analysis, demonstrated that the oral microbiome diversity is greater than ever expected and it opened a new era in periodontal research. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge concerning bacterial participation beyond P. gingivalis and the red complex in periodontal inflammation mediated by neutrophils and to spread awareness about the associated diseases and pathological conditions.

Highlights

BIOFILM IMPACT ON NEUTROPHILS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODONTAL DISEASEThe innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogenic invasion. The response begins with the recruitment of immune cells
ZP wrote and revised the manuscript, prepared figures, and tables
An essential step along the way is the identification of contributing pathogens, their distinct biomarkers and the development of specific diagnostic tools (Van der Weijden et al, 2021)

Summary

BIOFILM IMPACT ON NEUTROPHILS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODONTAL DISEASE

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogenic invasion. The response begins with the recruitment of immune cells. The mechanism of the immune system involves the promotion of inflammation, recruitment of other immune cell types and use of neutrophil-specific defense mechanisms (Figure 1). Pathogens have developed countless sophisticated strategies to bypass elimination and turn an inflamed environment in their favor, such as manipulation of neutrophil survival, prolonged inflammatory responses or subversion of anti-microbial properties (White et al, 2014; Olsen and Yilmaz, 2016). Throughout the shift of the microbial composition of the oral cavity, known as the development of periodontitis, some pathogens act as bridging species between early and late contributors. During the progression of the infection, a strong manipulation of the neutrophil function by the biofilm pathogens can be identified (Table 1).

Fusobacterium nucleatum

Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia

High tolerance against oxidative stress

Peptoanaerobacter stomatis and Filifactor alocis

BEYOND PERIODONTITIS

SUMMARY AND FUTURE REMARKS