Uncovering terbium metabolism in China: A dynamic material flow analysis

Abstract

Rare earth elements play key roles in modern societies due to their unique chemical and physical properties. Terbium is one of the key rare earth elements, but its production and consumption are seldom investigated. This study aims to investigate terbium metabolism along its life cycle in China from 2011 to 2020 by using dynamic material flow analysis so that terbium sources, paths and sinks can be identified. The results show that: (1) The natural demand of Terbium has remained relatively stable during the study period, with an annual demand of 340 tons. Future demand for terbium in those final products will increase to 581 tons in 2030. (2) Considering the balance between supply and demand, a significant shortage of terbium supply existed in China. Meanwhile, illegal mining amount accounts for over 60 percent of the total terbium mineral production. (3) The total cumulative volume of terbium embodied in those end-of-life products reached 1,559 tons during the study period, indicating a great recycling potential. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed so that sustainable terbium supply can be achieved.