Abstract
We assess the protective function of Canada’s parks and protected areas (PPAs) by analyzing three decades of stand-replacing disturbance derived from Landsat time series data (1985–2015). Specifically, we compared rates of wildfire and harvest within 1,415 PPAs against rates of disturbance in surrounding greater park ecosystems (GPEs). We found that disturbance rates in GPEs were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in corresponding PPAs in southern managed forests (six of Canada’s 12 forested ecozones). Higher disturbance rates in GPEs were attributed to harvesting activities, as the area impacted by wildfire was not significantly different between GPEs and PPAs in any ecozone. The area burned within PPAs and corresponding GPEs was highly correlated (r = 0.90), whereas the area harvested was weakly correlated (r = 0.19). The average area burned in PPAs/GPEs below 55° N was low (0.05% yr−1) largely due to fire suppression aimed at protecting communities, timber, and recreational values, while the average burn rate was higher in northern PPAs/GPEs where fire suppression is uncommon (0.40% yr−1 in PPAs/GPEs above 55° N). Assessing regional variability in disturbance patterns and the pressures faced by PPAs can better inform policy and protection goals across Canada and the globe.
Highlights
The past four decades have seen an increase in both the number and area of parks and protected areas (PPA) globally[1]
No significant differences in burn rates were found between PPAs and greater park ecosystems (GPEs) at the ecozone level (Fig. 3B)
The area burned within PPAs was more similar to the area burned within GPEs than to the area burned in the ecozones as a whole
Summary
The past four decades have seen an increase in both the number and area of parks and protected areas (PPA) globally[1]. The range of ecosystem disturbance that can impact the PPA and the surrounding areas is highly diverse and can include land use/land cover conversion for urbanisation or agriculture, wildfire, harvest, infestation by insects and other damaging agents, amongst others. Disturbances vary in their extent, duration, and severity[22] and can differ as a result of management practices that change at PPA boundaries, including fire exclusion, harvesting exclusion, or controlled burning programs[20]. Natural disturbance needs to be taken into account, and ensuring representation can be challenging because wildfires can be large in area, and occur infrequently[15]
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