Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevailing progressive disorder leading to neurodegeneration, typically in people above 65 years of age. Motor clinical manifestations of PD appear in a much later stage and include rigidity, tremors, akinesia, and gait dysfunction. There are also nonmotor symptoms like GI and olfactory dysfunction. However, they cannot be considered for diagnosis of the disease, as they are unspecific. PD pathogenesis is mainly characterized by deposits of inclusion bodies on dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta region (SNpc) of the brain. The major component of these inclusion bodies, are α-synuclein aggregates. α-Synuclein undergoes misfolding and oligomerization to form aggregates and fibrils. These aggregates gradually propagate PD pathology. Other prominent features of this pathological development include mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired autophagy. These all contribute to neuronal degeneration. Besides this, there are many underlying factors which influence these processes. These factors comprise molecular proteins and signaling cascades. In this review, we have listed out underexplored molecular targets that may aid in development of neoteric and advanced therapeutics.
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