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Abstract
Hydrocarbons exist in abundant quantity beneath the earth's surface. These hydrocarbons are generally classified as conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons depending upon their nature, geology, and exploitation procedure. Since the conventional hydrocarbons are under the depletion phase, the unconventional hydrocarbons have been a major candidate for current and future hydrocarbon production. Additionally, investment and research have increased significantly for its exploitation. Having the shift toward unconventional hydrocarbons, this study reviews in depth the technical aspects of unconventional hydrocarbons. This review brings together all the important aspects of unconventional reservoirs in single literature. This review at first highlights the worldwide unconventional hydrocarbon resources, their technical concept, distribution, and future supplies. A portion of this study also discusses the resources of progressive unconventional hydrocarbon candidates. Apart from this, this review also highlights the geological aspects of different unconventional hydrocarbon resources including tight, shale, and coalbed methane. The petrophysical behavior of such assists including the response to well logs and the discussion of improved correlation for petrophysical analysis is a significant part of this detailed study. The variation in geology and petrophysics of unconventional resources with conventional resources are also presented. In addition, the latest technologies for producing unconventional hydrocarbons ranging from fractured wells to different fluid injections are discussed in this study. In the end, the latest machine learning and optimization techniques have been discussed that aids in the optimized field development planning of unconventional reservoirs.
Highlights
Petroleum hydrocarbons are one of the major energy sources worldwide (Caineng et al 2014)
This paper provides a review of unconventional hydrocarbons and their resources
Due to the advancement in computational technologies, machine learning methods and optimization algorithms have been widely used to understand the nature of unconventional reservoirs and deal with challenges they pose in terms of geological and petrophysical characterization, optimization of the production strategies, developing a field plan, and optimization of the economics of the project
Summary
Petroleum hydrocarbons are one of the major energy sources worldwide (Caineng et al 2014). Unconventional resources (referring to tight, shale, and coal) are stacked and continuous sedimentary layers that have comparatively low permeability and porosity and are generally associated with conventional reservoir rocks. Permeability, lithology, and water saturation are some of the most important rock properties which are used for the petrophysical characterization of different unconventional reservoirs (Syed et al 2020b). If the oil and gas are present in the unconventional shale formations, the readings of uranium, GR log, and resistivity will be higher, and the porosity log shows the high porosity. The uncertainties in initial water saturation and natural fracture porosity present difficulties inaccurate calculations (Kalam et al 2015; Altowilib et al 2020) Considering such complex nature of unconventional hydrocarbon resources, they are generally be produced by following fundamental techniques:. The Net Present Value (NPV) is usually taken as an objective function (Jesmani et al 2020; Salehian et al 2021a, 2021b, 2020; Chen et al 2012; Shirangi and Durlofsky 2016; Wang et al 2012; Sefat et al 2016; Moraes et al 2019; Mohsin Siraj et al 2017; Brito and Durlofsky 2021; Lu and Reynolds 2020; Fonseca et al 2020)
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