Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus: Prevalence and risk factors among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in an Urban District of Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

AimsThis study aimed to explore the prevalence of, and factors associated with, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (UDM) in a community setting in Pakistan. MethodologyA single-center, cross-sectional study, conducted in a community-based specialized care center (SCC) for diabetes in District Central Karachi, in 2003, registered 452 type 2 DM participants, tested for HbA1c and interviewed face-to-face for other information. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with UDM. ResultsPrevalence of UDM among diabetes patients was found to be 38.9% (95% CI: 34.4–43.4%). Multivariable logistic regression model analysis indicated that age <50 years (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2–2.9), being diagnosed in a hospital (vs. a clinic) (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1–2.8), diabetes information from a doctor or nurse only (vs. multiple sources) (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2–2.9), higher monthly treatment cost (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1–1.6; for every extra 500 PKR), and higher consumption of tea (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0–2.2; for every 2 extra cups) were independently associated with UDM. ConclusionThe prevalence of UDM was approximately 39% among persons with type 2 diabetes visiting a community based SCC for diabetes. Modifiable risk factors such as sources of diabetes information and black tea consumption can be considered as potential targets of interventions in Karachi.