Abstract
Haemorrhagic cystitis may be due to different etiologies with infectious diseases representing an insidious cause to diagnose. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive overview of less common but difficult-to-diagnose causes of infectious haemorrhagic cystitis of bacterial, mycobacterial, and parasitic origin, Moreover, we highlight possible diagnostic tools and currently available treatment options in order to give an updated tool for urologists to use in daily practice. The search engine PubMed was used to select peer-reviewed articles published from 1/Jan/2010 to 31/Aug/2022. Bacteria, fungal, TB and schistosomiasis are uncommon causes of haemorrhagic cystitis burdened by high morbidity, especially if not promptly diagnosed. Because haemorrhagic cystitis ranges in severity from mild dysuria associated with pelvic discomfort to severe life-threatening haemorrhage, punctual diagnosis, and immediate treatment are essential to avoid further complications.
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