Abstract
It is important that a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) with uncertainty in its behavior caused by its unpredictable operating environment, to ensure its reliable operation. One method to ensure that the CPS will handle such uncertainty during its operation is by testing the CPS with model-based testing (MBT) techniques. However, existing MBT techniques do not explicitly capture uncertainty in test ready models, i.e., capturing the uncertain expected behavior of a CPS in the presence of environment uncertainty. To fill this gap, we present an Uncertainty-Wise test-modeling framework, named as UncerTum, to create test ready models to support MBT of CPSs facing uncertainty. UncerTum relies on the definition of a UML profile [the UML Uncertainty Profile (UUP)] and a set of UML Model Libraries extending the UML profile for Modeling and Analysis of Real-Time and Embedded Systems (MARTE). UncerTum also benefits from the UML Testing Profile V.2 to support standard-based MBT. UncerTum was evaluated with two industrial CPS case studies, one real-world case study, and one open-source CPS case study from the following four perspectives: (1) Completeness and Coverage of the profiles and Model Libraries in terms of concepts defined in their underlying uncertainty conceptual model for CPSs, i.e., U-Model and MARTE, (2) Effort required to model uncertainty with UncerTum, and (3) Correctness of the developed test ready models, which was assessed via model execution. Based on the evaluation, we can conclude that we were successful in modeling all the uncertainties identified in the four case studies, which gives us an indication that UncerTum is sufficiently complete. In terms of modeling effort, we concluded that on average UncerTum requires 18.5% more time to apply stereotypes from UUP on test ready models.
Highlights
2.1 Cyber-Physical Systems and testing levelsA CPS is defined in [7] as: “A set of heterogeneous physical units communicating viaIn our previous work [7], to understand uncertainty in CPSs, we developed a conceptual model called uncertainty conceptual model for CPSs (U-Model) to define uncertainty and associated concepts, and their relationships at a conceptual level
We provide the statistics of elements in UML Uncertainty Profile (UUP)/Model Libraries that can be directly mapped to U-Model
Since the Model Libraries are developed via extending MARTE, we provide statistics for mapping elements in UUP/Model Libraries to elements in UncerTum model elements U-Model
Summary
2.1 Cyber-Physical Systems and testing levelsA CPS is defined in [7] as: “A set of heterogeneous physical units (e.g., sensors, control modules) communicating viaIn our previous work [7], to understand uncertainty in CPSs, we developed a conceptual model called U-Model to define uncertainty and associated concepts, and their relationships at a conceptual level. Some of the U-Model concepts were extended for supporting MBT of all the three levels of CPS under uncertainty UML Testing Profile (UTP) [20,21] is a standard at Object Management Group (OMG) for enabling MBT. With UTP, the expected behavior of a system under test can be modeled, from where test cases can be derived. Since UTP is defined as a UML profile, it is often applied to UML sequence, activity diagrams, and state machines for describing behaviors of a system under test or test cases. Similar to other modeling notations, it is never been an objective to exhaustively apply all the stereotypes when using UTP V.2 to annotate UML models with testing concepts [21]. More information about the UTP V.2 standardization and the team can be found in [22,23]
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