Uncertainty of EIN2Ser645/Ser924 Inactivation by CTR1-Mediated Phosphorylation Reveals the Complexity of Ethylene Signaling

Abstract

ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) is a key component of ethylene signaling whose activity is inhibited upon phosphorylation of Ser645 and Ser924 by the Raf-like CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE-RESPONSE 1 (CTR1) in the absence of ethylene. Ethylene prevents CTR1 activity and thus EIN2Ser645/Ser924 phosphorylation, and subcellular trafficking of a proteolytically cleaved EIN2 C terminus (EIN2-C) from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus and processing bodies triggers ethylene signaling. Here, we report an unexpected complexity of EIN2-activated ethylene signaling. EIN2 activation in part requires ethylene in the absence of CTR1-mediated negative regulation. The ein2 mutant was complemented by the transgenes encoding EIN2, EIN2 variants with mutations that either prevent or mimic Ser645/Ser924 phosphorylation, or EIN2-C; and all the transgenic lines carrying these EIN2-derived transgenes responded to ethylene. Furthermore, we found that the fluorescence protein-tagged EIN2 and its variants were affected little by ethylene and exhibited similar subcellular distribution patterns: in the cytosolic particles and nuclear speckles. Of note, the subcellular localization patterns of EIN2 proteins fused with a fluorescence protein either at the N or C terminus were similar, whereas EIN2-C-YFP was primarily observed in the cytosol but not in the nucleus. Western blots and mass spectrum analyses suggested a high complexity of EIN2, which is likely proteolytically processed into multiple fragments. Our results suggested a nuclear localization of the full-length EIN2, weak association of the EIN2Ser645/Ser924 phosphorylation status and ethylene signaling, and the complexity of ethylene signaling caused by EIN2 and its proteolytic products in different subcellular compartments. We propose an alternative model to explain EIN2-activated ethylene signaling.