Abstract
We propose a new residual model to analyze the uncertainty of scattering parameters (S-parameters) calibrated by an electronic calibration unit (ECU). Residual errors are usually estimated from the observed ripple after connecting a load or a short at the end of an airline. Therefore, this ripple method can only be used in a frequency range where the airline loss was not large. We, however, obtained the residual error from the uncertainty of the calibration kit using a simple numerical approach. As a result, we can determine the correlations between real/imaginary and magnitude/phase uncertainties. The proposed residual model showed the same results as a VNA error model. We also added a new error term to account for the effect of temperature-dependent drift of the ECU. In addition, we analytically derived the sensitivity coefficients for a 2-port DUT based on the proposed residual model. The proposed residual model will be helpful for the uncertainty analysis of S-parameters calibrated using the ECU.
Highlights
An electronic calibration unit (ECU)1 is being widely used for vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration instead of a mechanical calibration kit
In this paper, we proposed a new residual model to calculate the uncertainty of the S-parameters of the device under test (DUT) when the VNA is calibrated using the ECU
We made a data-based model based on the reference calibration kit and calibrated the VNA using it to have measurement traceability
Summary
An electronic calibration unit (ECU) is being widely used for vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration instead of a mechanical calibration kit. The uncertainty increases when the data stored in the ECU differs from the reference calibration kit, and there is no way to reduce the uncertainty It did not include VNA noise, linearity, cable movement, etc., [7]. We propose a new residual error model to precisely estimate the measurement uncertainty of the S-parameters calibrated by ECU. This model includes the VNA random error, cable movement, connector repeatability, and the drift of ECU depending on temperature. ACCURATE RESULTS AND SIMPLE CALCULATION With the proposed residual model it is possible to simplify the signal flow graph, since it has an expected value of 0 (or 1) of the VNA error terms such as directivity (e00), source match (e11), and reflection tracking (e10 e01). We describe a method for characterizing the ECU using a calibrated SOLT reference calibration kit in Appendixes C and D
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