Abstract
We demonstrate the temporal and spectral evolution of picosecond soliton in the slow light silicon photonic crystal waveguides (PhCWs) by sum frequency generation cross-correlation frequency resolved optical grating (SFG-XFROG) and nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) modeling. The reference pulses for the SFG-XFROG measurements are unambiguously pre-characterized by the second harmonic generation frequency resolved optical gating (SHG-FROG) assisted with the combination of NLSE simulations and optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) measurements. Regardless of the inevitable nonlinear two photon absorption, high order soliton compressions have been observed remarkably owing to the slow light enhanced nonlinear effects in the silicon PhCWs. Both the measurements and the further numerical analyses of the pulse dynamics indicate that, the free carrier dispersion (FCD) enhanced by the slow light effects is mainly responsible for the compression, the acceleration, and the spectral blue shift of the soliton.
Highlights
IntroductionWith the capability to tightly confine optical modes [1,2], the extremely large nonlinear effects enhanced by slow-light effects [3,4,5,6,7], and the compatibility with mature CMOS technologies [8], the Silicon photonic crystal waveguides (Si PhCWs) have been attracting increasing intention in recent years [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
All the recent and further applications of Si photonic crystal waveguides (PhCWs) are determined by the inside pulses evolution, which is usually affected by group velocity dispersion (GVD) and various slow-light enhanced nonlinear effects including self-phase modulation (SPM), two-photon absorption (TPA), free carrier absorption (FCA) and free carrier dispersion (FCD) [24]
By the SHG-FROG/SFG-XFROG setup with unambiguous pre-characterized reference pulses and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) modeling simulations, we have demonstrated the optical soliton evolution in the silicon PhCWs unambiguously to find out how the slow light effects affect the pulse evolution
Summary
With the capability to tightly confine optical modes [1,2], the extremely large nonlinear effects enhanced by slow-light effects [3,4,5,6,7], and the compatibility with mature CMOS technologies [8], the Silicon photonic crystal waveguides (Si PhCWs) have been attracting increasing intention in recent years [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. All the recent and further applications of Si PhCWs are determined by the inside pulses evolution, which is usually affected by group velocity dispersion (GVD) and various slow-light enhanced nonlinear effects including self-phase modulation (SPM), two-photon absorption (TPA), free carrier absorption (FCA) and free carrier dispersion (FCD) [24]. We perform a SHG-FROG/SFG-XFROG setup to investigate the soliton dynamics in the slow light silicon PhCWs. Combining with nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) numerical simulations and optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) measurements, temporal and spectral profiles of the reference pulses will be determined prior, which supports the SFG-XFROG for measuring the pulses from the silicon PhCWs precisely and unambiguously. The free carrier lifetime is estimated to be 0.5ns
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