Umbrella Arch Nomenclature and Selection Methodology for Temporary Support Systems for the Design and Construction of Tunnels

Abstract

This paper argues that there is a requirement for standardized nomenclature and a selection methodology for a particular class of temporary support. The authors have chosen the term Umbrella Arch (UA) to define the method of support that acts as pre-support that is installed during the first pass of the excavation around and above the crown of the tunnel face. The UA supports the rock mass and the tunnel face predominately by transferring loading longitudinally through the interaction of the support and surrounding ground condition. There are three categories of UA. Categorization depends on the type of support element used. These elements include: (1) Spiles; (2) Forepoles; and (3) Grouted. These categories can be further divided into 11 sub-categories quantified by the amount of grout utilized in the installation. The sub-categories are justified by the employment of each sub-category within a support selection methodology for an UA; this was created by the authors based on experience and through a comprehensive literature search that included published papers as well as design reports. The collection of publications has resulted in 141 permutations of different temporary tunnel support in varying weak and difficult geological condition. The UA support selection methodology was created to aid tunnel designers in these conditions with the basic concepts for the appropriate selection process for an UA. Furthermore, the authors quantified the support selection methodology through the employment of other pre-existing design charts and empirical evidence to create a new design tool, the UA selection chart. Overall, this paper hopes to achieve the creation of an international standard with respect to UA and UA support element nomenclature and a better understanding for the selection of a particular UA sub-category.